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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Tukuler: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Whatbox: [QUOTE]Originally posted by Alive: [b]Perpetual Arab Domination?:[/b] [QUOTE]Originally posted by markellion: More spamming articles: "Trans-Saharan Trade and the West African Discovery of the Mediterranean World" [QUOTE]Before the wider introduction of firearms in the 16th century, [b]the Arab rulers of Northern Africa had no real possibilities to threaten their West African counterparts with war, as there were no such differences between the military technology which guaranteed them any absolute superiority. Furthermore, the West African armies were very large, although the claims in Arabic sources, such as the ruler of Ghana having an army of 200,000 warriors, are certainly exaggerating.[/b] Yet, in any case, we can speak of tens of thousands. To send an army of an equal size across the Sahara was extremely hazardous, and the success of the Moroccan invasion in Timbuktu in 1591 is rather an exception which reinforces the general rule: [b]the ruler of Songhay empire considered it unnecessary to poison the wells in the desert or to organize any effective counter-attack, because he was convinced that the Moroccans would perish in the desert anyway.[/b] In fact, Judar Pasha did lose a great deal of his men during the deathly march across the western Sahara. Besides the desert, another natural advantage which protected the West Africans, was the unhealthy environment. Most parts of the savanna are infected by trypanosomiasis, which is lethal especially for quadrupeds, thus preventing the large scale use of cavalry forces in this area. An illustrative example of the military encounter between North and West African states is the dispute on the possession of the important salt mines of Taghaza in central Sahara. At first Taghaza had been controlled by the Saharan nomads, but in the early 14th century the rulers of Mali managed to maintain some control over the routes leading these mines from the south. By the end of the following century, the askias of Songhay, which had superceded superceded Mali as the dominant power in Western Africa, extended their rule even further in the desert and appointed a governor in Taghaza. However, in 1544, Sultan Muhammad al-Mahdi, the founder of Sa'did power in Morocco, demanded the ruler of Songhay, askia Ishaq I, to give him the mines. Askia Ishaq naturally refused to do it, and a war broke out. The Moroccans sent an army to occupy Taghaza, but the army was destroyed in the desert. [b]As response to this, a Songhay army consisting of Tuaregs, attacked northwards and sacked the southern parts of Morocco, forcing Sultan Muhammad to flee from Marrakesh. Similarly, the rulers of Bornu, lying around Lake Chad, were able to expand their political dominance deep into Fezzan, occupying the oases until the 16th century....[/b] [/QUOTE] [QUOTE] The royal pilgrimages had also an important role in maintaining diplomatic relations with North African rulers. Yet official state visits were performed much earlier. Already in the first half of the 12th century, the Muslim ruler of a West African state called Diafunu visited Marrakesh where he met the reigning Almoravid amir Ali b. Yusuf (1106-43). [b]Even before this visit, the Rustamid imam of Tahert had sent in early 9th century a delegation with precious gifts to the court of the "King of Blacks", referring most likely to the ruler of Gao, definitely pagan by that time. In the 14th century, delegations were exchanged regularly between the West and North African capitals.[/b] Diplomatic relations were looked after also by correspondence. Unfortunately, no letters have survived, and there are only some references to their contents in the Arabic sources, but presumably they dealt mostly with business affairs. In the early 13th century, the governor of Sijilmasa, which was the most important terminus of the trans-Saharan caravan routes in southern Morocco, sent a following letter to the king of Ghana who was by then the most powerful ruler in Western Africa: [i] "We are neighbours in benevolence even if we differ in religion; we agree on right conduct and are one in leniency towards our subjects. It goes without saying that justice is an essential quality of kings in conducting sound policy; tyranny is the preoccupation of ignorant and evil minds. We have heard about the imprisonment of poor traders and their being prevented from going freely about their business. The coming to and fro of merchants to a country is of benefit to its inhabitants and a help to keeping it populous. If we wished we would imprison the people of that region who happen to be in our territory but we do not think it right to do that. We ought not to "forbid immorality while practising it ourselves". Peace be upon you."[/i] [b]Considering the contents of this letter, there is no doubt who had the actual control over the trade in the south.[/b] [/QUOTE] http://www.smi.uib.no/paj/Masonen.html [/QUOTE][/QUOTE][QUOTE]Originally posted by alTakruri: I hope no one's saying the blue eyed Spaniard renegade from Las Cuevas, Djudar Pasha and his contingent, hired by the sultan of Morocco was black? That would be a fanciful history. In 1545 Askia Ishaq hired Tuareg mercenaries to pillage Dra'a a town in southern Morocco. This show of force was in response to sultan Mouley Muhammed el Kebir embassy to Songhai claiming the salt mines in Thegazza just south of Morocco. He also wrote a letter in answer to the claim which turned out to be prophetic[i] "...the Ishaq who will listen to it is not I. That Ishaq has yet to be born."[/i] The Mefusa remained vassals of Songhai. The next sultan, Mouley Abdallah, asked the next askia, Daud, for rent to use the mines. Askia Daud refused to cede the town or its mines but did sent the sultan a conciliatory letter and 10,000 mithqals of gold. The sultan after that, el Mansour, sent an embassy to Songhai with valued tributory gifts. However, their true mission was reconnaissance of the Songhai empire's army and infrastructure. Askia el Hadji Muhammed III entertained the embassy at Gao, later sending them back to Morocco with better gifts than they gave him. Instead of impressing the sultan this only aroused his avarice. El Mansour invaded Thegazza with a force of 200 musketeers. The Songhai retreated and set up mining operations in Taoudenni. El Mansour now had salt mines but no miners nor the gold of the Sudan. When Askia Ishaq II came to Songhai's throne, el Mansour demanded a tax of one mithqal of gold for every load of salt sent to the Western Sudan (the Berber peoples of North Africa called West Africa the Sudan, meaning "land of the Black peoples"). The askia refused, sending a gift of swords and javelins, hinting at war. El Mansour convened with his advisers laying out a plan of attack. He overruled the council's anti-war objections. He felt his trump card was guns and cannons, new weapons the Sudanese did not have. El Mansour set about assembling a crack invasion force that set out in 1590. All this was instigated by the plea of a Sonrhai named Uld Kirinfil who had been banished to Morocco by Askia Ishaq II. Uld claimed that Ishaq usurped reign from him. He begged the sultan with promises of reward if he would help him reclaim Songhai's throne. They took the region south of Timbuktu without resistance and headed toward Gao. Askia Ishaq II met the invaders at Toundibi in the month Djomada 1591 with 30,000 infantry and 12,000 calvary. But the Spanish speaking invaders (2000 infantry musketeers and 2000 cavaliers with 6 heavy cannon and a number of small ones) defeated the valiant defenders. Faced against new gunpowdered firearms, the brave soldiery of Songhai did not turn to flee. They held their ground and were slaughtered without opportunity to surrender. The askia, however, sought refuge in Borgu after agreeing to an annual tribute and presenting Djuder with 100,000 mitqals of gold and 1000 slaves. When el Mansour received the gold, slaves, musk, ebony, and other spoil he employed 14,000 smiths to mint new pure gold coins to replace the adulterated money of Morocco. He was now nicknamed el Dekebi, the golden. Songhai's defeat was recorded as:[i] "The army of the day has fallen upon the army of the night. The whiteness of the one has destroyed the blackness of the other."[/i] Hell broke loose in Songhai. Djudar was replaced by Mahmud. The Moorish forces dealt wreck and ruin everywhere. Kaghu usurped the abdicated askiaship from Ishaq II. He was not able to route the havoc of the Moors. They captured him and executed him by demolishing a house on top of him. The Moors continued their unspeakable ravaging of the Sudan. Askia Nuh took up the valiant effort to try to hold the empire together and rid it of the Moorish threat. The Moorish musketeer force was largely composed of moriscos (renegade Europeans, primarily Spaniards) who were so white that Moroccans called them Rouma which term the Sudanese adopted as Arma. These settled Arma took on Sudanese concubines generation after generation up until the 18th century when their power waned. [b] John Henrik Clarke[/b][i] Times of Trouble[/i] Ch 9 of The Horizon History of Africa McGraw Hill 1971 [b] J. C. deGraft-Johnson[/b][i] African Glory[/i] New York Walker & Co. 1954 [b] E. W. Bovill[/b][i] Golden Trade of the Moors[/i] London Oxford University Press 1958 [b] Felix Dubois[/b][i] Timbuctoo the Mysterious[/i] New York Negro Universities Press 1969 (reprint of 1896)[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Originally posted by markellion: WHO DID THEY REALLY SELL INTO SLAVERY II? [IMG]http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1677/433/320/ahmed%20baba%201526%20ca%20--1620.0.jpg[/IMG] [QUOTE]"Ahmed Baba headed the world-famous Sankore University, in Timbuktu for thirty years. Timbuktu was considered by Europeans, as the city "arched in gold and clothed in education." Ahmed Baba is considered by historians as the greatest scholar, the most extraordinary intellect, and the most prolific writer of the sixteenth century. Under his administration, Sankore became the center of the world's scientific knowledge. Its structure consisted of faculties of law, medicine and surgery, letters, grammar, manufacturing, building, and other allied craft. High standards were required in the elementary and secondary schools in Songhai in order to meet the exacting admission requirements of the university. In 1591, Islamic and Christian forces attacked the Songhai Empire, which was larger than the continent of Europe, in order to capture Songhai's gold mines. They concentrated on the great cities of Gao, Jenne, and Timbuktu to neutralize the intellectual leadership of Songhai. Ahmed Baba and other leading intellectuals were carried north in chains by the Islamic Caliph al-Mansur to the Moroccan capital of Marrakesh and thrown into prison. In the Moslem and Christian destruction of Songhai, libraries were destroyed or stolen, including the one thousand-six-hundred-book library of Sankore. Of the forty books authored by Ahmed Baba, two are known to still be in existence. One is an autobiography and the other is entitled Al-Kabir. They are located in the Ahmed Baba Documentation Center in Timbuktu, established in 1971. During the invasion, the infrastructure and the social fabric of Songhai were destroyed. Basil Davidson says, " The invasion cost Songhai and its descendants its place in history . . . robbing that great empire of its vitality. . . . " Europeans now descended on this wealthy, huge empire with unmatched cruelty. Songhai's sad end is described in Tarikh es Sudan by eyewitness Muhammad es Sadi. [b]While the Europeans did not find the yellow gold, they found Black gold, the enslavement of the Songhai prisoners-of-war. They took the Songhai doctors and dentists, lawyers and lecturers, professors and princes, students and surveyors, musicians and mayors and marched them to the seas to the waiting ships to be brought to America in chains. Even greater an injustice than that, they ripped the Black pages out of the books of history so that the Songhai descendants in America would not know about their great ancestors such as Ahmed Baba."[/b] * note that religion did not prevent either europeans or arabs from attacking and enslaving black africans and destroying our civilizations--when it comes to us neither of them fully practice the religion they preach, both the arabs and the europeans have been a plague on africa and her children--A HARD LESSON of OUR HISTORY[/QUOTE] http://deskrat.blogspot.com/2006/02/ancestor-ahmed-baba-courtesy-of-who.html [/QUOTE][/QUOTE] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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