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Genetics Research Supports White supremacy
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Clyde Winters: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [qb] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Clyde Winters: [qb] [QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [qb] [QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [qb] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Clyde Winters: AAs carry 24% R1. This is not due to European admixture [/QUOTE]R1 in Africa is under 1% including R-V88 and all other clades [/qb][/QUOTE][/qb][/QUOTE]LOL. Stupid. The frequency was higher in areas where North American slaves came from and among Black Native Americans. . [/qb][/QUOTE]Jackass African Americans came from all over West and Central Africa and you also say East. You can take any of those regions and the average R1 frequency is under 1%. M269 and V88 are two different haplogroups. There are no groups in Africa that have high frequencies of M269 only very low frequencies and the corresponds to European colonies. The higher frequencies of R-V88 around the Chad basin do not change the fact that that in either West Africa or Central Africa the amount of V88 carriers is under 1% . If you were to compare West or Central Africans to African Americans the have more non-African admixture. That is because African Americans were and are part of European society. The amount of Africans that were part of Native American society are much much less. And not all Africans who allied with Native Americans mixed with them. The Black African Seminoles for instance were allied with native Americans but mainly lived separately from them. [b]All Indigenous Amerindian mtDNA can be traced back to five haplogroups, A, B, C, D and X. More specifically, indigenous Amerindian mtDNA belongs to sub-haplogroups A2, B2, C1, D1, and X2a (with minor groups C4c, D2, D3, and D4h3). Those are not typical African American mtDNA haplogroups [/b] As for Y-DNA in Native Americans Haplogroup Q is distinctive. That is rare. In African Americans. Some African Americans had mixed with Native Americans, who like Europeans carry R1 as well. However having had much more contact with Europeans as a whole the R1 that some AAs have comes primarily from Europeans. It's denial not to acknowledge this fact. [/qb][/QUOTE]Stupid Euronut. You know that hg Q is common to Central and South America, R1 is the dominant clade among Indians in the North and Southeast where the Black Native Americans lived. The major American Indian male lineages include R1, C,D and Q3.There is evidence of African admixture in the American y-chromosome haplogroups. The Q y-haplogroup has the highest frequency among indigenous Mexicans. The frequency hg Q varies from a high of 54% for Q-M243, and a low of 46% for QM (34). African y-chromosome are associated with YAP+ and 9bp. The YAP-à associated with A-àG transition at DYS271 is found among Native Americans. The YAP+ individuals include Mixe speakers (32-33). YAP+ is often present in haplogroups (hg) C and D. The DYS271 transition is of African origin (32).The DSY271 Alu insertion is found only in chromosomes bearing Alu insertion (YAP+) at locus DYS287 (33). The DYS271 transition was found among the Wayuu, Zenu and Inzano. The Mexican Native American y-chromosome bearing the African markers is resident in haplogroups C and D (34). R-M173 is also found in Mexico. Haplogroups R and Q are part of the CT microgroup which dates back 56kya. Haplogroup R branches from hg Q, with the SNP M242. The CT haplogroup has SNP mutation M168, along with P and M294. Haplogroup P (M45) has two branches Q (M242) and R-M207 which share the common marker M45. The M45 chromosome is subdivided by the biallelic variant M173 (35). In Africa we find P (M173), R1b (M343) and V88; and R1b1a2 (M269). Native Americans carry a high frequency of R-M173 (48). The predominate y-chromosome in North America is R-M173. R-M173 is found only in the Northeastern United States along with mtDNA haplogroup X (25%). Both haplogroups are found in Africa, but is absent in Siberia. The R haplogroup is carried by Mexicans. The frequency of hg R varies from Tarahumara (5.6%), Otomi (14.3%), Yucateca Maya (10.5%). There is also a high frequency of haplogroup R among the Ch'ol and Chontal which stood around 15% (38). The most predominate y-chromosome of Native Americans in North America is R-M173. R-M173 is found in the Northeastern and Southwestern parts of the United States along with mtDNA haplogroup X (25%). Both haplogroups are found in Africa, but are absent in Siberia. There are varying frequencies of y-chromosome M-173 in Africa and Eurasia. Whereas only between 8% and 10% of M-173 is carried by Eurasians, 82% of the carriers of this y-chromosome are found in Africa (Winters, 2010, 2011b). [IMG]http://olmec98.net/NativeM173.gif[/IMG] R1 clades among NA populations vary. The NA populations that possess the RM173 haplotypes are predominately found in the Northeastern and South eastern parts of the USA . It is important to remember that many Southwest NA population groupings originally lived in the Northeast. This is very interesting given the presence of R-M173 is found among many American Indian groups. RM173 among the North American Algonquian group range from Ojibwe (79%), Chipewyan (62%), Seminole (50%), Cherokee (47%), Dogrib (40%) and Papago (38%) (Malhi et al., 2008). Amerindians carry the X haplogroup (hg). Amerindians and Europeans hg X are different (Person, 2004). Haplogroup X has also been found throughout Africa (Shimada et al., 2006). Shimada et al., (2006) believes that X(hX) is of African origin. Amerindian X is different from European hg X, skeletons from Brazil dating between 400-7000 BP have the transition np 16223 (Martinez-Cruzado, 2001; Ribeiro-DosSantos et al., 1996). Transition np 16223 is characteristic of African haplogroups. This suggest that Africans may have taken the X hg to the Americas in ancient times. The African origin of this haplogroup is evident among the Seminoles who continue to show the African phenotype. [IMG]http://olmec98.net/carriers249.jpg[/IMG] The pristine form of R1*M173 is found only in Africa (Cruciani et al., 2002, 2010). The frequency of Y chromosome R1*-M173 in Africa range between 7-95% and averages 39.5% (Coia et al., 2005). The R*-M173 (haplotype 117) chromosome is found frequently in Africa, but rare to extremely low frequencies in Eurasia. The Eurasian R haplogroup is characterized by R1b3-M269. The M269 derived allele has a M207 /M173 background. This literature provides us with the data to critically examine the distribution of R1*-M173 in North America. It presents a genetic pattern of this haplogroup from Africa to Eurasia, and the dispersal of a significant African male contribution to Eurasia. Y-chromosome V88 (R1b1a) has its highest frequency among Chadic speakers, while the carriers of V88 among Niger-Congo speakers (predominately Bantu people) range between 2-66% (Cruciani et al., 2010; Bernielle-Lee et al., 2009). Haplogroup V88 includes the mutations M18, V35 and V7. Cruciani et al.(2010) revealed that R-V88 is also carried by Eurasians including the distinctive mutations M18, V35 and V7. R1b1-P25 is found in Western Eurasia. Haplogroup R1b1* is found in Africa at various frequencies. The frequencies of R-M269 in Sub-Saharan Africa. Berniell-Lee et al., (2009) found in their study that 5.2% of SSA carried Rb1*. The frequency of R1b1* among the Bantu ranged from 2-20. The bearers of R1b1* among the Pygmy populations ranged from (Berniell-Lee et al., 2009). The frequency of R1b1 among Guinea-Bissau populations was 12% (Carvalho et al., 2010). Y-Chromosome R1-M173 was probably spread in Western Europe first by African Roman soldiers, and later by African Muslims when they conquered Western Europe as Moors. This would explain why 60-70% French and Spanish males carry this y-haplogroup. Around 0.1 of Sub-Saharan Africans carry R1b1b2. Wood et al., (2005) found that Khoisan (2.2%) and Niger-Congo (0.4%) speakers carried the R-M269 y-chromosome. The Niger-Congo speakers formed a significant population in the nomes of Upper Egypt, where the founders of the 18th dynasty originated. Henn et al., (2011) presents conclusive evidence that African hunter-gatherer (HG) populations share a number of ancestral lineages including B264*; although they are geographically distinct populations situated among agropastoral groups (Henn et al., 2011)). An interesting finding of Henn et al., (2011) was the discovery of the Eurasian clade R1b1b1a1a among the Khomani San of South Africa (Henn et al., 2011). . [/QB][/QUOTE]
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