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Genetics Research Supports White supremacy
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Clyde Winters: [QB] [IMG]https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/c7/c9/be/c7c9be2767ad11ca2dd83c02466d83b7.jpg[/IMG] . [QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [qb] Some African Americans had mixed with Native Americans, who like Europeans carry R1 as well. However having had much more contact with Europeans as a whole the R1 that some AAs have comes primarily from Europeans. It's denial not to acknowledge this fact. [/qb][/QUOTE]Wrong. Europeans had little contact with Native Americans except as genocidal warriors. [IMG]https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/4171G4TY85L._SX292_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg[/IMG] The major contact of Native Americans and whites took place in Oklahoma after the discovery of oil. Whites were made the caretakers of the Indians. Many of these whites married Native Americans and killed their wives and became owners of the major oil wells in Oklahoma. This is why so many "whites" are Indians in Oklahoma. [QUOTE] David Grann’s New Book Explores a Time When Killing Native Americans Wasn’t Murder In an interview, the author of ‘The Lost City of Z’ looks at his new book examining the casual and systematic murder of Osage Indians in Oklahoma by whites who wanted oil leases. [IMG]https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51wnupYTkOL._SY445_QL70_.jpg[/IMG] David Grann was already interested in writing a book about the serial murders of members of the Oklahoma-based Osage Indian tribe when he visited the Osage Nation Museum. On one wall was a panoramic photo of members of the tribe taken in 1924, but there was a panel missing. When Grann asked the museum director what happened to that part of the photo, she responded “It’s too painful to show. The devil was standing there.” [b]That “devil” was a white man named William Hale, ostensibly a friend of the tribe but, as it turned out, a vicious murderer who killed Indians for their money, which was considerable, since the Osage lived on oil-rich land, and at one point were considered the wealthiest people per capita on earth.[/b] Hale wasn’t the only white man who killed Osage for profit, a story told in Grann’s new book, Killers of the Flower Moon. Author of the 2009 bestseller The Lost City of Z, about the search for a vanished civilization in the Amazon (the film version debuted April 14), Grann tells an entirely different story in his latest work, one that has elements of the Wild West, classic gangster movies, the birth of the FBI, greed, and racism. “Why were the Osage killed?” asks Grann. “They were killed for their money. [b]However, it was racism that made these killings nonchalant, and allowed them to go on for years. What is amazing is how some of the killers did not equate killing a Native American with murder. [/b]The prejudices of the time are an essential element to this story.” [b]Also essential to understanding the reason behind the killings—which extended from 1918 to 1931 and may have involved hundreds of deaths (no one really knows)—are the mind-boggling corruption and incompetence of Oklahoma law enforcement agencies and a thoroughly racist federal system of financial guardianship, which mandated that any Indian be given a (white) guardian if the Department of the Interior deemed that person “incompetent” to handle their own affairs. This gave the unscrupulous the incentive to bump off Indians and take over their oil leases.[/b] “One of the things that intrigued me was just how lawless this part of the country was,” says Grann. “You kind of think that period of American history is over, this last remnant of the Wild West. And I was also intrigued by how corrupt law enforcement was.” Grann says he first heard about this forgotten episode when a historian mentioned the killings. After his visit to the Osage Nation Museum, Grann realized he “wanted to figure out the pain the Osage felt, and understand and document this story that most people had forgotten.” He spent a year filling out Freedom of Information Act requests for documents relating to the case, then returned to Oklahoma, where he found “that many Osage were very welcoming. So many of them have stories that have not been told, so many of them are chasing ghosts. Justice was never brought to their cases.” What Grann discovered, in fact, was that despite FBI intervention, which eventually put Hale and another killer behind bars, many of the murders remain unsolved. Yet that did not stop the young J. Edgar Hoover from touting the convictions as a public relations coup for the Bureau. “Hoover actually wanted to get out of the case, because he couldn’t solve it,” says Grann, “but there was a brewing scandal [a criminal the Bureau released from jail to work as an informant committed a robbery-murder instead], and Hoover was partially motivated by that, to avoid scandal. Then he exploited the case for his own purposes.” Grann is a New Yorker staff writer who hit it big with The Lost City of Z, which became a number one New York Times paperback bestseller and was translated into 20 languages. He’s a self-described “insecure person” who says that before his books come out, “you live in such dread, that they might disappear. I spend a lot of time on these projects—I’m not a fast writer—and the success [of The Lost City of Z] has allowed me time to work within that framework.” Describing himself as “a generalist,” Grann says he likes to report on subjects “I know very little about. You want the story to be about something, have some deeper meaning, but there is also an emotional, almost instinctual, element, which is, does this story seize some part of you and compel you to get to the bottom of it?” Grann’s two books have this in common: on one level, they deal with the relationship between whites and people of color. In the case of The Lost City of Z, it’s the indigenous people of the Amazon, described by members of the British scientific establishment as “savages.” In Killers of the Flower Moon, that connection between whites and the Osage is best described by a member of the tribe who, during Hale’s trial is quoted as saying, “It is a question in my mind whether this jury is considering a murder case or not. The question for them to decide is whether a white man killing an Osage is murder—or merely cruelty to animals.” . See: http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2017/04/16/when-killing-indians-wasn-t-murder [/QUOTE][b]The most predominate y-chromosome of Native Americans in North America is R-M173. R-M173 is found in the Northeastern and Southwestern parts of the United States along with mtDNA haplogroup X (25%). Both haplogroups are found in Africa, but are absent in Siberia. There are varying frequencies of y-chromosome M-173 in Africa and Eurasia. Whereas only between 8% and 10% of M-173 is carried by Eurasians, 82% of the carriers of this y-chromosome are found in Africa (Winters, 2010, 2011b).[/b][/QUOTE]The presence of haplogroup R among North American NAs derives from EUROPEAN male sources. The official blood quantum for NAs to be members of a traditional NA ethnic/nation group is 1/16. in other words, if one is at most 15/16 European genome then one can sign up to be a member of any particular NA nation/ethnic group. All this ties in with the derogatory word "squaw"[check its unvarnished meaning] that European settler males used to describe NA females. This would mean also that visitors to NA Reservations often encounter persons with European phenotype--blond hair/blue eyes not uncommon. Proof of this claim is that NA Mt-DNA haplogroups are almost exclusively of NA origin. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC25841 [/qb][/QUOTE]Haplogroup R was not spread among Native Americans through European contact. That is why, outside of the United States: Northeast and Southeast, most mongoloid Native Americans carry y-chromosome Q. The characteristic mongoloid y-chromosome is haplogroup Q. This is why the Apacheans and Subarctic Athapaskans share recent common ancestry. The Apacheans belonged to the Athapaskan culture in the Southwest. This is why the Navajo and Apache among the largest tribes in Native North America. The archeological evidence makes it clear that mongoloid Native Americans appear in an archaeological context only 6kya BP (6000 years ago before the present). It appears that Black Native Americans dominated the states of Washington, Oregon and California. There were Black Native American tribes in Wyoming and the Dakotas. As a result, the mongoloid Native Americans mainly migrated into the United States: Southwest, and through Mexico infiltrated Meso and South America. Father Louis Hennepin wrote about the Black Native Americans in Dakotas. As usual we see villages where the Native American tribes were either Mongoloid or Black. The Naudowessies were Dakota Black Native Americans or Indians . They are part of the Siouan family, known as Sioux. Hewitt says the name was Chippewa, namely Nadowe-is-iw, a diminutive of nadowe, ‘an adder, or ‘enemy’, to the mongoloid Indians. Some of the Chippewa were Black tribes. There were over 100 tribes in California when the Spanish arrived. Above is a painting by Jean Franquelin of San Francisco BNA. The California Black Native Americans practice many life styles. Some were hunter gatherers, while others fished and farmed. The majority of California Black Native Americans belonged to the Ohlone tribes. These people were also called Costanoan. Much of what is now Georgia was a stronghold of the Black Native Americans. These Blacks lived predominately from the Smoky Mountains in North Carolina southward as far as St. Augustine, Florida. The vast majority of Native Black Americans lived in California, or along the Eastern seaboard in North America. They belonged to many Confederations including the Muskhoean and Algonquin. Some of their tribal names include Choctaw, Tuscarora, Secolan, Tamacraw, Nanticoke, Kashita (Kauche-te), and Yamasee to name a few. The BNA tribes mainly belonged to the Muskhogean and Algonquin Confederacies. Due to the intimate relationship between the BNA tribes and mongoloid tribes, the BNA, given the high frequency of haplogroup R1 in Africa, probably introduced this haplogroup to Native Americans—not Europeans. This view is supported by the high frequency of R-M173 among Africans and Native Americans in North America. Because of the predominate habitation of Black or African Native American tribes in the Midwest, Northeast, and Southeast we find mongoloid Native Americans carrying haplogroup R1, due to their admixture with the Black Americans. The second major y-chromosome among Native Americans is R-M173. Mongoloid Native Americans with Sub-Saharan African slaves. Even though R-M173 is widespread in Europe, the pattern of European American (EA) and mongoloid Native Americans (NA) interactions, mainly violent confrontations, as Europeans expanded westward fails to support the hypothesis that EA spread haplogroup R to NA (O’Brien, 2011). The Black Native Americans (BNA) lived on valuable farmlands during the Colonial period. The English and Americans wanted this land. This led to violent conflicts between BNAs and white Americans. In New England, the BNAs were eliminated by slaving, warfare and forced removal. The French enslaved Native Americans around the Great Lakes, Minnesota, Missouri Country and Lousiana (Gallay, 2002). The Europeans also needed labor to work the fields. The Americans provided the Native Americans with guns and cheap goods to purchase Native American/Indian slaves. Between 1670 and 1720 many BNAs were enslaved (Bassey and Galley, 2009; Ekberg, 2007; Galley, 2002; Lauber, 1970; Newell, 2009). The BNAs were sold into slavery throughout the Thirteen Colonies, Canada and the Bristish West Indies (Gallay, 2002). The majority of BNAs sold into slavery, by white and Indian slave traders were the Choctaw (Gallay, 2002), and Yamasee and other Carolina tribes (Lauber, 1970; Newell, 2009). A good example of the enslavement and forced removal of BNAs is the case of the Yamasee. The Yamasee,was a tribe of Black Native Americans who originally lived in Florida and southern Georgia until they forced to migrate North into South Carolina by the Spanish in the 16th Century. The Yamasee were part of the Muskhogean Confederacy. This was a Confederacy of mongoloid and Black Native Americans. The whites began to steal the Yamasee lands. By 1715, the Yamasee leading a Confederation of other tribes attacked the whites to drive them off their lands.The Cherokee who were part of the Muskogean Confederation broke away and formed an alliance with the British in 1718 and helped defeat the Yamasee. The Yamasee who were not killed off were sold into slavery.Most of the Yamasee fled back into their ancestral homeland in Florida, which by this time was settled by the Creek. Yamasee were virtually wiped out due to protracted combat with the Creeks, who felt they were trying to take back the land they formerly owned in Florida. Some Yamasee joined the Seminole tribe. In return, the Cherokee took control of Yamasee land. If not for the break-away of the Cherokee the whites would have been defeated. By the 18th Century Black Native Americans were divided into slave Native Americans and Free Indians. BNAs like the Choctaw had their own towns or lived on reservations. Other BNAs joined the ranks of the mongoloid Indian tribes (Winters, 2011a). Due to Indian slavery in North America, the Black Native American population was absorbed by the larger SSA slave population. Over time, people forgot there had been Black Native Americans and Mongoloid Native Americans. In fact, the BNA heritage and land rights were stolen by the government, as all Blacks in America, no matter their ancestry were assigned the status of former African slave. Gilio Whitaker (2015) wrote that : “As the Indian slave trade gave way to the African slave trade by the late 1700’s (by then over 300 years old) Native American women began to intermarry with imported Africans, producing mixed-race offspring whose native identities became obscured through time. In the colonial project to eliminate the landscape of Indians, these mixed-race people simply became known as "colored" people through bureaucratic erasure in public records. In some cases such as in Virginia, even when people were designated as Indians on birth or death certificates or other public records, their records were changed to reflect “colored.” Census takers, determining a person’s race by their looks, often recorded mixed-race people as simply black, not Indian. The result is that today there is a population of people of Native American heritage and identity (particularly in the Northeast) who are not recognized by society at large, sharing similar circumstances with the Freedmen of the Cherokee and other Five Civilized Tribes. Whereas EA and NA relations were antagonistic, African slaves had a very intimate relationship with NA (Katz, 2011). An undetermined number of African slaves fled into Indian territory during slavery (Katz, 1997). Among NA populations SSA slaves began new lives and married NA females , among many NA groups especially the Seminoles. As a result, ex-slave SSA males played an important role in the Creek and Seminole nations-often serving as interpreters, chiefs and counselors (Katz, 2011) . Sub-Saharan African and Native Americans came in contact during the European conquest of the Americas. When Europeans came to Ametrica they often found Native American and mongoloid Indians living in different communities or side by side. As Black Native American tribes were conquered by Europeans and sold into slavery, many Black Native American tribes merged with the mongoloid Native Americans. Due to the demand for more slave labor, the Americans began to import Sub-Saharan African (SSA) slaves from Africa into the United States. Thousands of SSA males ran away from the plantations to Indian Territory where they founded many maroon societies or lived on tribal lands (Katz, 2011) . There were Black Native American tribes in Canada. During the Atlantic Slave trade many SSA slaves were deposited in Canada.These runaway slaves held extensive land holdings in Florida and in Nova Scotia, near Halifax during the American slave period (Chambers, 1891). In North America, there were so many SSAs among the Iroquois and other Northeastern American tribes that in 1726, 1764 and 1765, the governor of Colonial New York exacted a promise from the Delaware, Huron and Iroquois’ Confederation, to return runaway slaves (Katz, 2011). This should not be a surprise because many of the members of the Iroquois’ Confederation were Black Native Americans. Although NA nations gave this promise to the governor no slaves were ever returned. There are reports of numerous marriages between NA females and SSA males. Intermarriage between NA and SSA populations between British Columbia and New England was especially high. Massachusetts was a major center of NA and SSA intermixture. Many SSA slave males married NA females because the offspring became free (Chambers, 1891). As early as 1763, in places like Martha’s Vineyard, Tilburg, Chilmack and Chappaquiddick, Massachusetts almost one-fourth of the NA were married to SSA males (Chambers, 1891). For example, in the 1790 U.S. Census it was reported that 6001 “persons other than white” 400 were SSA, and 2000 were mixed NA and SSA (Chambers,1891). There were also intermarriage between NA and SSA populations in the southern United States (Katz, 2011). In 1526, African slaves fled their Spanish masters and settled in South Carolina Black Indian Territory. The first SSA slaves were sold to the English colonist in 1620 (Chambers, 1891). In 1622, NA overran the Jamestown Virginia colony killing all the whites, and integrating the African slaves into NA communities (Katz, 2011). As a result, it was recognized that many free born Blacks on the Chesapeake Peninsula were of Black Native American (BNA), mongoloid NA and SSA origin in 1700 (Chambers, 1891; Katz, 2011). The largest settlement of SSA in the South was in Florida. Here there was 50 miles of farmland , cattle and etc., owned by Maroons. The SSA in Florida freely mixed with the Creek and Seminoles. It was estimated by a certain Mr. Munroe in 1887 that more than half of the NA and SSA populations in Florida was mixed (Chambers, 1891). Other SSA were married to NA females belonging to the Cherokee, Choctaw, and Creek nations. In addition to intermarriage among NA and SSA populations in the Northeastern and Southern USA, there was considerable intermarriage among NA and SSA in the Midwest. In Minnesota, for example, in 1819 at the mouth of the St. Louis River, there were SSA living in Ojibwa villages (Chambers, 1891). The P clade probably originated in Africa because 1) whites rarely mated with Native Americans before the Great Trek to Oklahoma, 2) R-M173 and the subclades V88 and R-M269 has its highest frequencies across Africa ; and 3) R-V88 is older than R-M269. Africans had took R1-M173 to Europe between 40,000 BC up the introduction of the Yamnaya culture 4kya.The presence of V88 in Europe indicates that the Yamnaya and Bell Beaker people who carried R1 were mainly SSAs. It indicates that the Bell Beaker people who entered Europe from Morocco via Iberia were carriers of V88. Other Africans took R1 into Europe during the African Islamic conquests of Iberia, France and Germany. The African Muskims were in Iberia for almost 800 years. They left Iberia in 1492. Researchers have found that the TMRCA of V88 was 9200-5600 kya (Cruciani et al., 2010). Eurasians carry the M269 (R1b1b2) mutation. The subclades of R1b1b2 include Rh1b1b2g (U106) (TMRCA 8.3kya) and R1b1b2h (U152) (TMRCA 7.4kya). The most recent common ancestor for R1b1b2 in Europe is probably 8kya (Balaresque et al., 2010). Y-Chromosome R1b1b2 has high frequencies in England, France, Italy and Germany (Balaresque et al., 2010). Clearly, R-V88 is older than R-M269. Some of the Malian settlers probably introduced R-M173 into North America. Ancient Mali was a Confederation it was made up of many different tribes. Settling even half the 25-80,000 Malians who sail to America in 1310 on the mainland would have had a tremendous effect on the genetic and population land scape of the Americas. It appears that Black and mongoloid Native Americans often lived side by side. They also belonged to the same Confederations. Due to the Native American slave trade many Black Native Americans owners in the West Indies other Native American were forced to work on plantations or sold into slave. Using a system of divide and rule the whites were able to get the Indians capture each other and sale their captives as slave. Since the ancestors of the Black Native Americans had originated in Africa they began to be identified as slave-Indian, freeman and finally “Colored”. And then as a result of bureaucratic erasure in the public records, the former black Native Americans simply became identified as “Colored”, like the former Sub-Saharan slaves, instead of Native Americans. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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