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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Clyde Winters: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Thereal: [qb] I've watched some of these DNA testing videos on you were some black Americans had Melanesian DNA and i was wonder is it from black indians?. [/qb][/QUOTE]As I have stated earlier the Dravidians belonged to the C-Group people who were Kushites. The ancestors of the Melanesians were descendants of the Kushites who expanded across the world after 3500 BC. The Melaneian DNA is just African DNA given a different name. For example, mtDNA D(4), is nothing more than M1. Until recently it was accepted that all Blacks in Africa and the Pacific Islands were Negroes. The problem came when it was discovered by researchers in the 1990's and early 2000's that Africans and Melanesians were carrying all the mutations carried by the Eurasians. As a result, the Federation of Genealogical Societies (FGS) began to rename the African genes carried by the Melanesians so it could appear that Eurasians (Europeans and Asians) were different from Africans. The best examples of this change in nomenclature was the change of African y-Chromosome R1 into V88, and African mtDNA M1 into D(4)in Asia by 2010. I have presented DNA evidence linking Melenesians and Africans. [IMG]http://olmec98.net/mela1.jpg[/IMG] Here are the genetic markers which point to a relationship between the Melanesians, Australians and Africans according to [b] Cordaux et al.,Mitochodrial DNA analysis reveals diverse tribal histories of tribal populations from India, Eur. J Hum Genet (2003)11(2):253-264,[/b] in figure 2 notes that Clusters X1 and X are found in Africa and the Pacific. . [IMG]http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v11/n3/images/5200949f5.gif[/IMG] [URL=http://www.nature.com./ejhg/journal/v11/n3/fig_tab/5200949f5.html#figure-title]Figure 2: Cordaux[/URL] This Figure makes it clear Africans, Australians and Melanesians share haplogroups. The D haplogroup is nothing more than a African M haplogroup. The sub-clade D4, is the Asian name for the M1 haplogroup. Haplotypes with HVSI transitions defining haplogroup M1 are 16129-16223-16249-16278-16311-16362; and 16129-16223-16234-16249-16211-16362. The D haplogroup , is the name for M1, in Asia (Fucharoen et al, 2001; Yao et al, 2002). Haplotypes with HVSI transitions defining 16129-16223-16249-16278-16311-16362; and 16129-16223-16234-16249-16211-16362 have been found in Thailand and among the Han Chinese (Fucharoen et al, 2001; Yao et al, 2002) and these were originally thought to be members of Haplogroup M1. However, on the basis of currently available FGS sequences, carriers of these markers are now labled D4a branch of Haplogroup D . Given the transitions in haplogroup D, it is the most widespread branch of M1 in East Asia (Fucharoen et al, 2001; Yao et al, 2002). The transitions 16129,16189,16249 and 16311 are known to be recurrent in various branches of Haplogroup M, especially M1 and D4. Due to these transitions we can argue that Native Americans carrying D, are carrying African haplogroup M, especially M1 in the case of haplogroup D4. In addition to comparing mtDNA M1 and D(4), I compared was the relationship between the African and Melanesian M haplogroups. [IMG]http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=medium&id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0052022.g001[/IMG] http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0052022 The map below illustrates the distribution of the M haplogroups in Africa. Africans also carry mtDNA haplogroups M and M7 like the Melanesians. [IMG]http://olmec98.net/hpM36.jpg[/IMG] References: Fucharoen G, Fucharoen S, Horai S.(2001). Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in Thailand. J Hum Genet , 46:115-125. Yao YG, Kong QP, Bandelt HJ, Kivisild T, Zhang YP.(2002). Phylogeographic differentiation of mitochondrial DNA in Han chinese. Am J Hum Genet , 70:635-651. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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