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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Clyde Winters: [QB] The Kushites were Niger-Congo speakers The Niger-Congo Speakers probably played animportant role in the peopling of the Sahara. Drake etal make it clear there was considerable human activityin the Sahara before it became a desert[1]. The Kushites in history were characterized as users of the bow-and-arrow. [IMG]http://www.fjexpeditions.com/desert/rockart/karkurtalh/KT86_00n_107.jpg[/IMG] . Drake et al[1] provides evidence that the original settlers of this wet Sahara, who used aquatic tool kits, were Nilo-Saharan (NS) speakers. The authors also recognized another Saharan culture that played a role in the peopling of the desert. This population hunted animals with the bow-and –arrow; they are associatedwith the Ounanian culture. The Ounanian cultureexisted 12kya [2]. The Ounanians were members of the Capsian population.There was continuity between the populations in the Maghreb and southern Saharareferred to as Capsians, Iberomaurusians, andMechtoids [3]. The Niger-Congo speakers are decendants of the Capsian population.Capsian people did not only live in Africa, they were also present in South Asia. Using craniometric data researchers have made it clear that the Dravidian speakers of South India and the Indus valley were primarily related to the ancient Capsian or Mediterranean population [4-9].Lahovary [7] and Sastri [8] maintains that the Capsian population was unified over an extensive zone fromAfrica, across Eurasia into South India. Some researchers maintain that the Capsian civilization originated in East Africa [7].The Ounanian culture is associated with sites in central Egypt, Algeria, Mali, Mauretania and Niger [10].The Ounanian tradition is probably associated with the Niger-Congo phyla. This would explain the closerelationship between the Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan languages. The original homeland of the Kushites or Niger-Congo speakers was probably situated in the Saharan Highlands during the Ounanian period. This is why the Egyptians often referred to the Kushites as a hill people. This is supported by the various meanings of Gardiner's Egyptian sign N25. The N25 sign from Gardiner’s List of Egyptian Signs[b] xЗs[/b] Khas or[b] kЗs[/b] meant Kush. From here the Kushite populations migrated into the Fezzan, Nile Valley and Sudan as their original homeland became more and more arid.The Niger-Congo speakers formerly lived in the highland regions of the Fezzan and Hoggar until after4000 BC. Originally hunter-gatherers the Proto-Niger-Congo people developed an agro-pastoral economy which included the cultivation of millet, and domestication of cattle (and sheep).This was probably the ancient homeland of the Dravidians, Egyptians, Sumerians,Niger-Kordofanian-Mande and Elamite speakers. We call this part of Africa the Fertile African Crescent[9-10,13-14]. We call these people the Proto-Saharans[9,14]. . [IMG]https://www.webmedcentral.com/articlefiles/7526c34c7b3b31993641289543b073e9.png[/IMG] . The generic term for this group is in the ancient literatures was: Kushite. Origination of these diverse Kushite tribes in the ancient Sahara, explains the analogy between the Bafsudraalam languages as outlined in Figure 1.These Proto-Saharans were called Wawat, Ta-Seti, [b] xЗs[/b] Khas , [b] kЗs[/b] and Tehenu by the Egyptians. The Niger-Congo inhabitants of the Fezzan were round headed Africans [13]. The cultural characteristics of the Fezzanese were analogous to the C-Group culture items and the people of Ta-Seti and Wawat. The C-Group people were the Proto-Saharan orNiger-Congo speakers who occupied the Sudan andFezzan regions between 3700-1300 BC [13].The inhabitants of the Fezzan were called Tmhw (Temehus). The Temehus represent the Proto-Niger-Congo speakers.The Temehus were organized into two groups the Thnw (Tehenu) in the North and the Nhsj (Nehesy) in the South [14]. A Tehenu personage is depicted on an Amratian period pottery vessel. [IMG]http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_dH3ZETZ8ZlM/SkdjVEEaJPI/AAAAAAAAATc/m0IzNg5Jcyc/s400/image002.jpg[/IMG] Some Tehenu wore a pointed beard, phallic-sheath and feathers on theirheadThe Temehus are called the C-Group people by archaeologists [13,15]. The central Fezzan was a center of C-Group settlement. Quellec [15] discussed in detail the presence of C-Group culture traits in the Central Fezzan along with their cattle during the middle of the Third millennium BC. The Kushites lived in Ta_seti and Wawat. Europeans when they first translated the Egyptian language referred to Kush as "Negroland" The first mention of Kush, in Egyptian text was made by Wini, an Egyptian administrator. Below is the Wini text. . . [IMG]http://olmec98.net/Weninscription2.png[/IMG] . . The Wini text Wawat King was called Heqe Khasut. Heqe Khasut today is translated as ‘Kings Foreign “, when Europeans originally translated Wini's inscription using the Gardiner Egyptian Word List, the original meaning of [b] xЗs[/b] Khas , [b] kЗs[/b], was “Kings Negroland “. This interpretation of [b] xЗs[/b] Khas , [b] kЗs[/b] was a Eurocentric interpretation of N25, because there was no such place as ‘Negroland’, so the actual meaning was [i][b] Kings Khas[/i][/b]. The term Haqe Khas (xЗs), because it related to Wawat rulers had been translated as “Rulers of Negroland. The Egyptian elements / -w-t/ were added to [b] Khas[/b] to make it plural and denote a nationality. The Weni inscription makes it clear that the name [b]Khas[/b] was made up (of three) N25 signs from Gardiner’s List of Egyptian Signs. The N25 sign also represents [b]Kash [/b] = Kush. This means that N25 represented the name [b]Kash[/b] and [b]Khas[/b] for the ethononym Kushite. . [IMG]http://olmec98.net/HyksosScarabs.png[/IMG] . The meaning of N25 as Kush and Kushite is obvious in the Hyksos scarabs where we see N25, as the people the Hyksos Kings ruled. The Temehus or C-Group people began to settle Kusha round 2200 BC. The kings of Kush had their capitalat Kerma, in Dongola and a sedentary center on Sai Island. The same pottery found at Kerma is also present in Libya (and even India) especially in the Fezzan, which was one of the ancient homelands ofthe Niger-Congo speaking people. The C-Group founded the Kerma dynasty of Kush. Diop [14] noted that the "earliest substratum of the Libyan population was a black population from the south Sahara".Kerma was first inhabited in the 4th millennium BC[16]. By the 2nd millennium BC Kushites at Kerma were already worshippers of Amon/Amun and they used a distinctive black-and-red ware [16]. Amon, later became a major god of the Egyptians during the 18th Dynasty. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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