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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Clyde Winters: [QB] The Hyksos are also mentioned in the Rig Veda and other Indian Literature.The heqa khasut, "ruler(s) of the Kushites" or Hyksos/ Hykussos, were Hattians or Kashkas. in otherwords they were Kushites. This is obvious in their name khasut which corresponds to Kaska. The name heqa khasut , was first used by the Old Kingdom to refer to the Kushite Nubian chieftains. That is why the Hyksos / Hykussos expected the Kushites in Nubia to support them in their war with the Egyptians. Information about the Nile Valley in Purana and Pali Records Many people assume that the history of Africa begins and ends on the African continent. This is false. Africans have left their imprint in ancient Eurasia. An important part of Africa was the Nile Valley. The Nile Valley was not only the homeland of ancient Egypt. It was also the place where the Kushites originated. An interesting record of Nile Valley Africans is found in the ancient records of India. These records are written in Sanskrit and Prakrit. As a result, we find mention of the Nile Valley in Pali and Purana text. [IMG]http://olmec98.net/purana4.jpg[/IMG] The word Puranas means "ancient, old. It is and it is Indian literature written in Sanskrit. Prakrit any ancient or medieval vernacular dialect of northern and central India that existed alongside Sanskrit. Pali was a Prakrit language of India used by Buddhist to write their conical records. Many of us have heard about the fact that the ancient text of India, called the Purana and Pali text provide valuable information on Nile Valley history. In this post we will discuss the research of Dr. Liny Srinivasan an Indian linguist and Indologist. Dr. Srinivasan has published many articles and Books on the presence of Mesopotamian and Nile Valley people in the Rig Veda (RV), Puranas and Pali documents. Dr. Srinivasan in her article : Myths, Metaphors and Dravidians, provides considerable information on Upper and Lower Nubia. The people in Upper and Lower Nubia in the Nile valley, were called ḫЗš (Kushites) or ḫЗšt (Khasut) by the ancient Egyptians. The inhabitants of the Fezzan were round headed Africans. (Jelinek, 1985,p.273) The cultural characteristics of the Fezzanese were analogous to C-Group culture items and the people of Ta-Seti . The anthropologist Jelinek made it clear that C-Group people occupied the Sudan and Fezzan regions between 3700-1300 BC . The inhabitants of Libya were called Tmhw (Temehus). Dr. Anta Diop noted that the Temehus were organized into two groups the Thnw (Tehenu) in the North and the Nhsj (Nehesy) in the South. Farid observed that a Tehenu personage is depicted on Amratian period pottery . The Tehenu wore pointed beard, phallic-sheath and feathers on their head. The archeaologist B.B. Lal, who conducted research in Africa and India, proved that the ancient Nubians and the Dravidians of Megalithic South India practiced the same culture. Dr. Lal a leading Indian archaeologist in India has observed that the black and red ware (BRW) dating to the Kerma dynasty of Nubia, is related to the Dravidian megalithic pottery. B.B. Lal (1963) proved conclusively that the culture associated with the South Indian Megalithic was related to the C group people or Nehesy, given the fact that both groups used 1) a common black-and-red ware (BRW), 2) a common burial complex incorporating megaliths and circular rock enclosures and 3) a common type of rock cut sepulchre. The South Indian Megalithic is usually associated with the Tamil speaking Dravidian people of Tamilnadu . This suggest that the Tamil belonged to the Nehesy , and the Telugu and Kannada belonged to the Tehenu. In ancient Indian text the Nile Valley was called Kušadvipa or Kushland . The inhabitants of Kušadvipa were mainly named Kashi in the Indian text. Other people living in Kušadvipa were called Nhsj (Nehesy) . Heqa Khasut also appears in the Epic Puranas as Ikshvaku ( < Heqa Khasu)t. The Ikshvaku were seen as evil. The ancient Indian records report that the Ikshvaku worshiped Seth. [IMG]http://olmec98.net/itsha2.png[/IMG] The Rig Veda (RV) provides considerable information on the Kushites of Nubia and Anatolia. These people belonged to the Kushite Confederation. The term Kushite was a generic term for the tribes that belonged to the Confederation living in the Nile Valley, Levan and Anatolia. Dr.Srinivasan notes that Nile Valley Kush was called Kušadvipa or Kush in the Puranas and Kuš-Nila in Pali texts. The Puranas and Pali are the names given to ancient Vedic/Indian text. In the Indian text Rama’s sons were Lava and Kušs. Ancient Libya was called Lava and Kush in the Nile Valley was called Kuša. [IMG]http://olmec98.net/puranamap1.png[/IMG] In the Puranas Kuša was southern Nubia or upper Kush. In the Purana northern Nubia or lower Kush was called Krouńcha . The main urban center in Kuša , was Kaši. Kaši was described as a great city in Pali and Purana text. Dr. Srinivasan made it clear that the RV King named Divadoasa “servant of Diva” . In the Mahabbarata, Divodaase .was an ancientr King of Kaaši and Puranic Kaaši or Nubia. In the Puranas and Pali text Nhšy, corresponds to Mandaean Nahas, the name for the undersorld abode of the serpent Ur, the metaphoric name for Nubia (see page 2). A major Kushite nation and tribe were the Wawat. The Egyptian semivowels change into Sankrit /y/ or /v/. Srinivasan believes that Yayaati (/ Vayati) was the name for Wawat. We also find in the Puranas, the a tribe named Vaša or Vaasishtha. The Vaša tribe corresponds to the Wase/ Waset tribe/nation (/w/ = /v/). Srinivasan according to Srinivasan was the name for Thebes. It was also the name for the Nehesy: Waset tribe. In the myth of Višvaamitra they lived on the otherside of Sarasuati. The alternate name for Višvaamitra was Kušika or Kuša The Sumerians trade with Punt or Meluhha. Meluhha was the home of the Medjay. The Medjay served as mercenaries in the Egyptian army. [IMG]http://olmec98.net/magan2.jpg[/IMG] Malaya was an ancient people/country in the Nile Vallley. The Vayu Purana, said that the Mayadvipa was “naanaa Mleccha ganaakirna”, a place where mercenaries were recruited. This passage in the Vayu Purana suggest that Malaya or Mleccha was Meluhha of the Sumerians. Meluhha was a place where Egyptians recruited mercenaries for their armies. This makes it clear that “mythical” Malayadvipa was located in Africa. In the Puranas we see the Name Draavira. The Dravira was the Purana name for the Tamil. The heqa khasut, "ruler(s) of the Kushites" or Hyksos/ Hykussos, were Hattians or Kashkas. in otherwords they were Kushites. This is obvious in their name khasut which corresponds to Kaska. The name heqa khasut , was first used by the Old Kingdom to refer to the Kushite Nubian chieftains. That is why the Hyksos / Hykussos expected the Kushites in Nubia to support them in their war with the Egyptians. During the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt (2563-2423), namely during the reign of Sahure there is mention of the Tehenu people. Sahure referred to the Tehenu leader “Hati Tehenu” . These Hatiu, correspond to the Hatti speaking people of Anatolia. The Hatti/Hurrian people often referred to themselves as Kashkas or Kaskas. [IMG]http://olmec98.net/sahure.jpg[/IMG] During the Old Kingdom the Kushites were also called heqa khasut. The term Heqa Khasut was used for the Kings of Nile Valley Kushites and the Hyksos. The term Heqa Khasute appears in line 46 of the Weni inscription. There is mention of Nahuša, which correspond to the 15th Dynasty King Nhšy (Nehesy). Nehesy was a Hyksos prince. The Nhsj (Nehesy) or C-Group people began to settle Kush around 2200 BC. The kings of Kush had their capital at Kerma, in Dongola and a sedentary center on Sai Island. The same pottery found at Kerma is also present in Libya especially the Fezzan. Srinivasan claims the Hurrian tribe was mentioned in the R V, called Hastuk ‘elephant herd’. Singer and Steiner, said the Hurrians lived in Mittanni. Mittanni was situated on the great bend of the Upper Euphrates river. Hurrian was spoken in eastern Anatolia and North Syria . In the Indian records the individual Hurrian was called Hasti. Srinivasan made it clear that Hasti corresponds to Egyptian (Hšty) Hštyw (Ta Seti). Ta Seti is mentioned in Egyptian literature as an early Kushite nation in Nubia. Asoka Prakrit inscriptions mention several Dravidian tribes including Cholas, Seraa (Tamil), Keras (Keraalputra ) , Pandya, Cheras and Satyaputra. The Cholas were Telugu speakers. The Chola were related to the Naga. The Naga were suppose to have lived in Naagaloka, in the Underworld. Dr. Srinivasan believes the Purana underworld: Nagaloka was located in upper Nubia. The Chola Kings in the Puranas were called Ikshvaakuš or Heqa Khasut like the Nehesy kings of the Nile Valley. Ikshvaa of the Puranas corresponds to ḫЗšt (Khasut). The ancient Indian records indicate the Chola came to India with a great knowledge of war strategy, charioteering, ship building and navigation. [IMG]http://olmec98.net/puranamap2.jpg[/IMG] The Chola are related to the Naga. This is evident in the story of the romance between the Chola and Naga princess. Srinivasan wrote “In both [legends] the son of their union came from Naagaloka in Paataal was a real country of Upper Nubia, the myths point to a connection of the Chola with Nubia. To realize some important points of similarities the Cholas and the great Napatan Kingdom of Nubia…”. In the Indian texts the royal title of the Cholas was Qore/Kora/Chora. In Meroitic, qore was the title for king. Among the Tamils Chola is pronounced with a /r/. As a result, in Prakrit inscription Cholas is written as Soraa and Koraa. Srinivasan suggested that the Qore “Korites” of the Bible ( 1 Chronicles 26:1), may be the same people. A coastal region of East India was called Coromandel / Koramandal ‘domain of Koraa” . Koraa is a dynastic name for the Cholas . The royal insignia of the Cholas was snakes. Twin serpents was a popular symbol of royalty among the Napatan Kings. The Napatan Kushite double crown was worn by the rulers of Kerma. It was called the Double Wadjet Crown. This Wadjet crown was worn by Taharqa. In summary the Telugu speakers belonged to the Tehenu and Nehesy tribes of Nubia, or Kush in the Nile Valley. The Telugu and Egyptian languages share many terms because the Chola came from Kaši or Kush, which was called Kušadvipa. They migrated into Anatolia and formed several city states including the Hurrian/Mitanni and Kassite states and were members of the Hatti Confederation. The major Telugu state in India was Chola. In the Puranas the Chola were also called Kora/Chora /Qore. The Chola who came to India by land and sea settled on the Coromande coast. It takes it’s name from the word Koraa, one of the names for the Chola Dynasty. Ancient Telugu continued in India to refer to themselves as Heqa Khasut or IkshvaaKuš. The royal insignia for the Chola were two snakes. The two snakes as a symbol of royalty goes back to the Napatan Kings of Kush (Nubia) who wore the Double Wadjet crown. References: Bright, John (2000). "A History of Israel". Westminster John Knox Press . Borchardt, L. Das Grabdenkmal des Konigs Sahure. Vol. II, Table 1. Brass, M. (2013). Revisiting a hoary chestnut: the nature of early cattle domestication in North-East Africa. Sahara (Segrate, Italy), 24, 65–70. Drews, Robert ( 1994). "The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East". Princeton University Press El Mosallamy,A.H.S. Libyco-Berber relations with ancient Egypt:The Tehenu in Egyptian records. In (pp.51-68) 1986, p.55; Lal, B B. 1963. "The Only Asian Expedition in threatened Nubia:Work by an India Mission at Afyeh and Tumas". THE ILLUSTRATED TIMES, 20 April. Levy et al. ( 1997).Egyptian-Canaanite Interaction at Nahal Tillah, Israel (ca. 4500-3000 B. C. E.): An Interim Report on the 1994-1995 Excavations. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/302287010_Egyptian-Canaanite_Interaction_at_Nahal_Tillah_Israel_ca_4500-3000_B_C_E_An_Interim_Report_on_the_1994-1995_Excavations Mitchell P., Paul Lane (Ed.),(2013). The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology. Oxford . Miller N.F., Robert N Spengler, Michael Frachetti. (2010). Millet cultivation across Eurasia: Origins, spread, and the influence of seasonal climate, The Holocene , Vol. 26 10:1566-1575 Singer, Itamar. (1981). Hittites and Hattians in Anatolia at the beginning of the Second Millennium B.C., Journal of Indo-European Studies, 9 (1-2):119-149. Srinivasan, L.. Myths, Metaphors and Dravidians. Indian Linguistics, 66:133-156. Steiner, Gerd. (1981).The role of the Hittites in ancient Anatolia, Journal of Indo-European Studies, 9 (1-2): 119-149. Wengrow, D., Dee, M., Foster, S., Stevenson, A., & Ramsey, C. (2014). Cultural convergence in the Neolithic of the Nile Valley: A prehistoric perspective on Egypt's place in Africa. Antiquity, 88(339), 95-111. [URL=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/cultural-convergence-in-the-neolithic-of-the-nile-valley-a-prehistoric-perspective-on-egypts-place-in-africa/198005B5D23B644951E17B3F0803AF74]https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/cultural-convergence-in-the-neolithic-of-the-nile-valley-a-prehistoric-perspective-on-egypts-place-in-africa/198005B5D23B6 44951E17B3F0803AF74[/URL] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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