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V88 and the Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Clyde Winters: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by the questioner: [qb]which kushites are you referring to? which Kushites carry R1b and why did they not spread it in Africa and Asia to the same extent as europe? if you don't mind me asking [/qb][/QUOTE]The phylogeography of R1 in Africa makes it clear that this Y-chromosome is spread globally across Africa and includes the genetic structure of diverse African populations including Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Khoisan, Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan and Semitic speaking African populations (BerniellLee et al ,2009; Cruciani et al, 2010; Winters, 2016; Woods et al,2005). The fact that Dravidians carry the R1a haplogroup illustrate the recent introduction of the R1 Y-chromosome to Eurasia. There have been changes in the names of the African Y-Chromosome R1 over the years. In 2010, R-V88 was originally named R1b1a. It was renamed R1b1a2. Today R1b1a has been renamed R-L754. African R1b1 has been changed into R-L278. These African genomes were found in Neolithic Eurasia. Between 3200-2900 BC, African culture and people began to migrate into Iberia and introduced megaliths and the Bell Beaker culture (Lahovary, 1963). Spanish researchers accepted the reality that the Iberia Peninsula owed the major parts of Neolithic Iberia to African immigrants (Lahovary, 1963; Macwhite,1947). MacWhite (1947) claims there was a close relationship between Iberia and Britain. These researchers admit that Portugal and Brittany were settled by Megalithic Africans who founded respectively the Mugem and Teviec sepultures ( Lahovary,1963; MacWhite, 1947). The African Sahara and Morocco was a major source for the Bell Beaker and Corded Ware cultural complex. The Proto-Beaker pottery dates back to 4500 BC in the Sahara (Daugas et al , 1989) . Agro-Pastoral people cultivated crops and herded cattle. Elements of the Agro-Pastoral members of the Bell Beaker and Corded Ware complexes appear first in the African Sahara. Here we see rock engravings of cattle herders and hunters using similar bow and arrows. The Yamnaya archers' wrist-guard and bows may have had their origin in the Sahara where we see similar wrist-guards (Le Quellec, 2011 ). The estimated age of R1b-M343 is over 20kya. R1a-420 and R1-343 probably date to around 25kya (Kivisild,2017). Oldest R1b-M343 clade found among the ancient Europeans dates to 14kya. Lineages belonging to R1 include the 14ky old Villabruna Man from Italy and the 7ky old individual from Spain (Fu et al, 2016). Kivisild et al (2017) makes it clear that the V88 sub-clade, had relatives in Early Neolithic samples from across a wide geographic area from Iberia, and Germany to Samara (namely R1b1/RL278). This would place carriers of R1 haplogroups related to V88 among the Yamnaya and Bell Beaker people. Given the wide distribution of M269 in Africa, the carriers of this haplogroup were probably also Africans since the Bell Beaker people/culture , originated in Morocco as noted by Turek (2012). Recent most common ancestor of R1*-M173 in Europe is 5-7ky old (Batini et al. 2015; Hallast et al. 2015; Karmin et al. 2015; Poznik et al. 2016). The R1*-M173 samples from Central and Western Europe were usually R1b-L11, R1a1-Z283 and R1a-M417 (xZ645). In relation to the Eastern samples from the Yamnaya culture and Samara belonged to the R1b11-Z2105, R1b1-RL278 and R1a2-Z93 sub-clades (Allentoft et al. 2015; Cassidy et al. 2016; Haak et al. 2015; Mathieson et al. 2015; Schiffels et al. 2016). [/QB][/QUOTE]
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