...
Post A Reply
my profile
|
directory
login
|
register
|
search
|
faq
|
forum home
»
EgyptSearch Forums
»
Deshret
»
Black Yi and White Yi, people of China
» Post A Reply
Post A Reply
Login Name:
Password:
Message Icon:
Message:
HTML is not enabled.
UBB Code™ is enabled.
[QUOTE]Originally posted by Troll Patrol # Ish Gebor: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [qb] ^^^ If the first humans were Khosians or East Africans why arew you putting up West Africans, a region populated much later? And, your concept is people are related by phenotype You ignore DNA completely and also stuck in the 19trh century -and are stuck in the European artifical white and black two color paradigm for humanity which ancient people did not have. You use the same two color paradigm you just advocate for the opposite side of the artifcial construct S.O.T. Keita: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=knvzjWkAYCo [/qb][/QUOTE]Remember West Africans are only a recent phenomenon, some claim. So perhaps because; [QUOTE] The regional distribution of an ancient Y-chromosome haplogroup C-M130 (Hg C) in Asia provides an ideal tool of dissecting prehistoric migration events. We identified 465 Hg C individuals out of 4284 males from 140 East and Southeast Asian populations. We genotyped these Hg C individuals using 12 Y-chromosome biallelic markers and 8 commonly used Y-short tandem repeats (Y-STRs), and performed phylogeographic analysis in combination with the published data. The results show that most of the Hg C subhaplogroups have distinct geographical distribution and have undergone long-time isolation, although Hg C individuals are distributed widely across Eurasia. Furthermore, a general south-to-north and east-to-west cline of Y-STR diversity is observed with the highest diversity in Southeast Asia. [b]The phylogeographic distribution pattern of Hg C supports a single coastal 'Out-of-Africa' route by way of the Indian subcontinent, which eventually led to the early settlement of modern humans in mainland Southeast Asia. [/b] The northward expansion of Hg C in East Asia started approximately 40 thousand of years ago (KYA) along the coastline of mainland China and reached Siberia approximately 15 KYA and finally made its way to the Americas. [/QUOTE]--Zhong H1, Shi H, Qi XB, Xiao CJ, Jin L, Ma RZ, Su B. Global distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroup C reveals the prehistoric migration routes of African exodus and early settlement in East Asia. J Hum Genet. 2010 Jul;55(7):428-35. doi: 10.1038/jhg.2010.40. Epub 2010 May 7. http://www.nature.com/jhg/journal/v55/n7/full/jhg201040a.html [QUOTE]Table 1 lists the reported YAP+ frequencies in worldwide populations (refer to table note for references). [b]Africans have the highest frequency of YAP+, and all of them belong to the sub-haplogroup E-M40[/b]. In contrast, D-M174 is in general [b]East Asian specific with sporadic occurrence in adjacent regions, i.e. Central Asia, Middle East and Northeast India[/b]. The average frequency of D-M174 in East Asians is 9.60% with high frequencies in Tibet (41.31%), Japan (35.08%) and Andaman Island (56.25%), but rare in other East Asian populations (< 5%).[/QUOTE]--Hong Shi et al. 2008 Furthermore, http://genome.cshlp.org/content/18/5/830.full.pdf+html DE is 65,000 years old. suggesting an African origin "The age of [haplogroup] DE is about 65,000 years, just a bit younger than the other major lineage to leave Africa, which is assumed to be about 70,000 years old,” says Hammer, describing an example of the fine resolution of age that is now possible. “Haplogroup E is older than previously estimated, originating approximately 50,000 years ago.”--Hammer Source: http://genome.cshlp.org/site/press/Ychromohaplogroup.xhtml In any event, Underhill and Kivislid (2008) kind of put this whole argument to rest: [QUOTE]The results of these haplogrouping experiments indicated that one ( Table 1 ) of the 18 SNPs evaluated [b]shared derived alleles in haplogroups C and F while being at an ancestral state in the other haplogroups.[/b] [Erratum] These results hold up the phylogenetic scenario shown in Figure 8d , which is consistent with two independent founder types, D and CF, evolving outside Africa, and thus weakens the other two possible interpretations discussed above. However, the common ancestry of C and F founder types is supported by a short branch, defined by a single mutation, implying the diversification of CF from DE was shortly followed by the split of C from F. [b]Although extinction events within Africa offset by haplogroup survival of descendents in Asia cannot be empirically demonstrated, both the refutation of the option shown in Figure 8b and the apparent absence of deep-rooted haplogroups for either CF or D chromosomes in Africa bolsters the model that haplogroup CF and DE molecular ancestors first evolved inside Africa and subsequently contributed as Y chromosome founders to pioneering migrations that successfully colonized Asia[/b][/QUOTE]--Underhill and Kivislid (2008) [QUOTE]The new haplogroup, labeled [b]DE* according to the nomenclature of the Y CHROMOSOME CONSORTIUM 2002 Down, has been found in 5 Nigerians (from different villages, languages, ethnic backgrounds, and paternal birthplaces) from a data set of >8000 men worldwide, including 1247 Nigerians. The position of these 5 Nigerians on the Y chromosome tree has been confirmed by repeated typing for all the known UEP markers immediately above and below node a in Fig 1 (YAP, M145, M203, M174, M96, P29, and SRY4064)[/b] as well as for five additional UEP markers (92R7, M9, M20, 12f2, and SRY10831) as shown in Fig 1. The asterisk in DE* indicates that it is potentially, but not definitely, paraphyletic relative to one or both of groups D and E (Fig 2). The term "paragroup" has been applied to such haplogroups (Y CHROMOSOME CONSORTIUM 2002 Down). To help resolve the issue of paraphyletic status, we typed YAP-derived individuals in our data set for six microsatellites: DYS19, DYS388, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, and DYS393. Of the five DE* individuals, three had a microsatellite haplotype consisting of repeat sizes 13-13-22-11-11-13 (loci arranged in same order as listed above) while the other two had a haplotype differing by one step at DYS391 only (13-13-22-10-11-13). [b]This high level of similarity in such a rapidly evolving system strongly suggests that these five individuals share a private common ancestor (as in Fig 2C, Fig D, or e). We note that of the three possible branching patterns, two (Fig 2C and Fig D) would imply an African origin for YAP[/b], while the third (Fig 2E) would leave the question of origins open. However, it is not easy to assess the relative probabilities of these three patterns.[/QUOTE]--Michael E. Weale et al. 2003 [QUOTE]The B-M60 variant observed in almost all sub-Saharan collections [28] was only found in Nalú. [b]One other Nalú individual belongs to the rare and deep-rooting DE* paragroup described in five Nigerians [37] and thus representing a coalescent "missing link", paraphyletic to haplogroups D and E.[/b] The two Western European R1b-P25 lineages in Fulbe and Bijagós are best explained by recent European influence, at the time of the slave trade. A partial introduction through North African pastoral immigrants can not be rejected, where the 3–12% of R1b-P25 are due to the geographic proximity and the long reported contacts with Europe and Middle-East [33]. The European source seems nevertheless more likely: firstly, Y chromosome signatures of European presence have a reported great expression in the nearby Cape Verdians [38] and secondly, highly frequent North African haplogroups that would have been equally carried by the migrants (e.g. E3b2-M81) are absent in Guineans. The M173 and P25 derived states in both our samples rule out a relationship to the R1*-M173 lineage previously found in Cameroon, Oman, Egypt and Rwanda, and adduced to support the "Back-to-Africa" theory [3,28].[/QUOTE]--Rosa et al. 2007 [QUOTE]Further refinement awaits the finding of new markers especially within paragroup E3a*-M2. [b]The microsatellite profile of the DE* individual is one mutational step away from the allelic state described for Nigerians (DYS390*21, DYS388 not tested; [37], therefore suggesting a common ancestry but not elucidating the phylogenetics[/b].[/QUOTE]--Rosa et al. 2007 [/QB][/QUOTE]
Instant Graemlins
Instant UBB Code™
What is UBB Code™?
Options
Disable Graemlins in this post.
*** Click here to review this topic. ***
Contact Us
|
EgyptSearch!
(c) 2015 EgyptSearch.com
Powered by UBB.classic™ 6.7.3