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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Doug M: [QB] I prefer to say that anthropology as practiced in Europe has always been designed to promote white supremacy and European colonial conquest. While they have made a lot of attempts to cover up this history and make it seem that they have changed, the reality is they have not. The studies you mentioned were published and worded the way they were in order to [b]purposely[/b] provide the talking points required for these web sites to promote their nonsense. Popular history and popular archaeology are all built on the premise that everything important in human history came from Europe. And these "popular" forms of history are all told primarily for European audiences. Most documentaries on Egypt are not produced for Egyptians or Africans. They are produced for Europeans. Egyptians don't see this stuff unless they have satellite or cable TV. So, even when the facts say otherwise, these kinds of programs will always "spin" the data in order to put Europeans in the forefront of everything. The headlines of all the major articles concerning the Abu el-Melek mummies all say basically the same thing, which is that the AE were all "Eurasian". That goes beyond some fringe "alternative" agenda. Face facts, most of the reason for Europeans controlling so much of the discussion of world history is war and conquest. We all know the saying to the victors go the spoils and this is no different. The knowledge of ancient Egypt came from an [b]invasion[/b] of the country by Napoleon and a subsequent war with the British. Most of West Africa's historical knowledge sits in British museums because of conquest and this extends into SOuth Africa as well.. Same thing goes for the Pacific and Asian history being in French and British museums as well. And much of the history of Greece and the Levant came as a result of the two World Wars. THe history of Iraq, Syria and North Africa is being looted as a result of the Gulf Wars and the follow on Arab spring and war on Isis. Don't be fooled, this is all part of the campaign to control history. And this has always been part of the European paradigm of global conquest from the very beginning. The alt right and white nationalists however, have always been the ones trying to pretend that "white nationalism" is benign and different from white supremacy and global European conquest. It is one and the same thing. Without white global conquest there would be no "white nationalism" in lands stolen from native people. They go hand in hand. Just like the guns went into the hands of the settlers to defend the lands they stole from the natives. That is "white nationalism" and it is purely the rank and file grass roots defense of European global conquest. And with global conquest comes global control of information and history. So spinning history in order to make it seem like Europeans have always dominated the planet is simply a logical act of propaganda in support of European global domination, this form of disinformation warfare has been part of European conquest since the beginning. Unfortunately the only ones fooled by this are the non Europeans. How the various collections of Egyptology got their start: Glencairn Museum [QUOTE] The Egyptian collection at Glencairn Museum, established in 1878, was assembled primarily by four men: the Reverend William Henry Benade (a Christian pastor, and later a bishop), John Pitcairn and his son Raymond (industrialists and philanthropists), and Rodolfo Vittorio Lanzone (an Italian Egyptologist and collector of antiquities). Benade and Pitcairn had earlier been instrumental in founding the Academy of the New Church, then located on Cherry Street in Philadelphia. Benade and Pitcairn were not present to witness the long-anticipated opening of the Academy in September of 1877, as the previous June they had boarded the White Star Liner Germanic, bound for an extended tour of Europe, Egypt and the Holy Land. Benade would later reflect on their three-month Egyptian excursion in a letter home to a member of the Academy:[/QUOTE] https://glencairnmuseum.org/newsletter/august-2015-the-purchase-of-the-lanzone-egyptian-collection.html Met Museum: [QUOTE] History of the Department The Department of Egyptian Art was established in 1906 to oversee the Museum's already sizable collection of art from ancient Egypt. The collection had been growing since 1874 thanks to individual gifts from benefactors and acquisition of private collections (such as the Drexel Collection in 1889, the Farman Collection in 1904, and the Ward Collection in 1905), as well as through yearly subscriptions, from 1895 onward, to the Egypt Exploration Fund, a British organization that conducted archaeological excavations in Egypt and donated a share of its finds to subscribing institutions. Also in 1906, the Museum's Board of Trustees voted to establish an Egyptian Expedition to conduct archaeological excavations at several sites along the Nile. Instrumental in this decision was J. Pierpont Morgan, the Museum's president, who visited the expedition periodically until his death in 1913. At the time, the Egyptian government (through the Egyptian Antiquities Service) was granting foreign institutions the right to excavate with the understanding that the resulting finds would be divided evenly between the excavators and the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. The Met was granted concessions for the Middle Kingdom royal cemeteries of Lisht; the Late Dynastic Period temple of Hibis at Kharga Oasis in the western desert; the New Kingdom royal palace at Malqata; and the Middle and New Kingdom cemeteries and temples of Deir el-Bahri in the Theban necropolis opposite modern Luxor. The Egyptian Antiquities Service subsequently granted access to other sites as well, among them the important Predynastic cemetery of Hierakonpolis in southern Egypt. Between 1906 and 1935, The Met's Egyptian Expedition conducted 14 seasons of excavations at Lisht. The site includes the Middle Kingdom pyramid complexes of Amenemhat I, the first king of Dynasty 12, and of his son, Senwosret I; a cemetery of officials from Dynasties 12 and 13; and an important Middle Kingdom settlement site. The early excavation teams were led by noted American Egyptologist Albert M. Lythgoe, the first curator of the Department of Egyptian Art. Lythgoe was assisted by his American colleague, Ambrose Lansing, and by Arthur C. Mace, a British Egyptologist. Also at Lisht was Herbert E. Winlock, a young American who was just beginning his career in Egyptology. Among the most important finds from the site are a ritual figure of wood (ca. 1929–1878 B.C.), one of a pair, the second of which is in Cairo; and burial equipment from the tomb of the Lady Senebtisi. It was while working with Mace in this tomb that Winlock developed the careful archaeological methods that made him one of the greatest excavators in the field of Egyptology.[/QUOTE] http://www.metmuseum.org/about-the-met/curatorial-departments/egyptian-art (Note: John Pierpont Morgan, a wealthy banker and capitalist, founded the MET to analyze and study what he stole and to finance further excavations. This is the pattern of all major institutions of Egyptology and Archaeology.) http://www.themorgan.org/collection And this did not just take place in Europe or America (and other colonies) it also took place in Egypt itself. The Rockefellers tried to build a monumental Egyptian museum in Egypt which was rejected by Egyptian authorities: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8365.1996.tb00685.x/abstract But even as the Egyptians rejected the Rockefellers, they handed over the study of Egyptian history to the French in the founding of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo: [QUOTE] The Egyptian Museum, Cairo The involvement of Egyptians in establishing an antiquities museum in Egypt dates back to the period of development of the antiquities museum in Europe between the 1780s and 1830s, with the conversion of the royal palace in Paris, the Louvre, into a museum, and the reconstruction of the British Museum in London as a building devoted substantially to antiquities. The early nineteenth century AD scholar al-Jabarti commented on the collecting activities of Europeans in 1817, but this was before European states had agreed to acquire large collections of Egyptian antiquities (Reid 2002: 39-40). Within a generation, the AD 1835 15 August decree by Mohamed Ali, inspired by Rifaa al-Tahtawi, included the following observation: 'It is well-known that Europeans have buildings for keeping antiquities - stones covered with paintings and inscriptions, and other such objects are carefully preserved there and show to the inhabitants of the country, as well as to travellers... Such institutions bring great renoun to the countries that have them.' (from Reid 2002: 55-56) The decree envisaged a Museum in Cairo to house the finds of Egyptian antiquities inspectors, under the supervision of Yusuf Diya Effendi. Sadly, when the European scholar Richard Lepsius arrived from Berlin in 1842, Mohamed Ali told him that the project had not succeeded. However a collection had been begun, and there was a second antiquities collection, comprising finds from Luxor excavations, on display in one of the palaces of Ibrahim Pasha, son of Mohamed Ali. In the reign of the next governor, Abbas I (ruled 1848-1854), official inspections are recorded for Upper Egypt and the Cairo area. The location and scope of the collection of antiquities seem not to be recorded in European sources: on one account it was moved to the School of Engineering in Boulaq in 1849, but another account has it moved to the Cairo citadel from a palace in the Ezbekiya quarter of Cairo in 1851. As recurrently in all museum histories, the government did not always respect the integrity of the collection; it seems that Abbas I presented part of the collection to Sultan Abd al-Aziz, and that his successor Said presented the remainder to Archduke Maximilian of Austria in 1855. These collecting and inspecting activities from 1835 to the 1850s form the background to the decision of Said (1854-1863) and Ismail Pasha (ruled 1863-1879) to support Auguste Mariette from France as head of a refounded Maslahat Antiqat (or Maslahat al-Athar) 'Antiquities Service' in 1858. On 1 June Mariette became mamur al-antiqat 'director of antiquities' on an Egyptian government annual salary of £720. The same month provides the first entry in the register for the refounded Museum. Following, consciously or not, in the footsteps of Yusuf Diya Effendi, Mariette employed foremen at key sites from Aswan to Gizeh, to clear out large monuments and send the sculpture finds to Cairo. There are limited European-language sources for Egyptian participation in and view of this period of the Antiquities Service and the Egyptian Museum, Cairo; archival material such as the lists of Egyptian foremen and workers on foreign excavations could help to fill this gap, but the story can probably only be written from publications and archives in Arabic and Turkish (until the mid-19th century the language of government in Egypt). The expanding collection was moved in 1902 to a new building on Tahrir Square, where it remains today, an incomparable treasure house for Egyptian antiquities. The key Egyptian Egyptologist of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century is Ahmed Kamal (1851-1923), who succeeded in his scientific career despite the French directorship of the Antiquities Service, down to the 1952 revolution, and the British military occupation of Egypt from 1882 to independence in 1922 and to a greater or lesser extent thereafter until the 1952 revolution. With the arrival of Gamal Abd al-Nasser in 1952, all leading positions were transferred from Europeans to Egyptians. [/QUOTE] http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/museum/museum6.html Keep in mind that the Rockefellers have one of the largest collections of Egyptian antiquities and they founded/financed the Oriental institute: [QUOTE] Institute History of the Oriental Institute Directors of the Oriental Institute Mission & Priorities The Oriental Institute Museum The Research Archives of the Oriental Institute Identity Guideline What's New Internships And Jobs The Foundation of the Institute The University of Chicago has been a center of ancient Near Eastern studies ever since its founding in 1891. The first president of the university, William Rainey Harper, was a Professor of Semitic Languages and his brother, Robert Francis, was an Assyriologist. Both taught in the Department of Semitic Languages at the new university. In 1896, the Department moved into the Haskell Oriental Museum where galleries devoted to the ancient Near East were established. Initially the collection was composed of a few plaster-cast reproductions and a small group of exhibition cases containing the little collection of antiquities. However, the collection grew rapidly as a result of both private donations and the university’s contributions to British field expeditions working in Egypt. In 1904, the University of Chicago Oriental Exploration Fund sent its first field expedition to Bismaya in Iraq. Two years later, an ambitious photographic and epigraphic survey of the temples in Nubia and Egypt was undertaken as a part of an overall project to publish all the ancient inscriptions in the Nile Valley. James Henry Breasted: Founder James Henry Breasted, the first American to receive a PhD in Egyptology, was appointed by President Harper to fill the first teaching position in Egyptian studies in the United States. Breasted was among the earliest to champion the role that the ancient Near East played in the rise of western civilization. He envisioned the establishment of a special institute devoted to tracing ancient man’s “progress” toward civilization, long before the classical civilizations of Greece and Rome. Breasted received support and encouragement from John D. Rockefeller, Jr. who, in 1919, funded The Oriental Institute as a laboratory for the study of the rise and development of ancient civilization. In 1931, through the generous financial support of John D. Rockefeller, Jr., the Oriental Institute moved into new permanent headquarters that housed laboratories, museum galleries, libraries and offices for the scientific and teaching staff. Today, this building continues to function as an internationally renowned center of ancient Near Eastern studies. Over 60,000 people visit the museum galleries each year, and hundreds of scholars come to consult the faculty and research collections.[/QUOTE] https://oi.uchicago.edu/about/history-oriental-institute Loot: The Battle over the Stolen Treasures of the Ancient World: [URL=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nj-ozxT1ynoC&pg=PA186&lpg=PA186&dq=wealthy+industrialists+egyptian+artifacts+museums&source=bl&ots=zCBLm0WaXm&sig=5HtqplIzxX8jwGiyj-H82cm3cXY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi5tYTLlP7UAhXBND4KHetgBsgQ6AEIXjAO#v=onepage&q=wealthy%20industrialists%20egyptian%20artifacts%20museums&f=false]https://books.google.com/books?id=Nj-ozxT1ynoC&pg=PA186&lpg=PA186&dq=wealthy+industrialists+egyptian+artifacts+museums&source=bl&ots=zCBLm0WaXm&sig=5HtqplIzxX8jwGiyj-H82cm3cXY&hl=e n&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi5tYTLlP7UAhXBND4KHetgBsgQ6AEIXjAO#v=onepage&q=wealthy%20industrialists%20egyptian%20artifacts%20museums&f=false[/URL] And lets be honest. The best and most prized artifacts from Egypt and many other places are still in private collections or special vaults off limits to the public eye. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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