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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Ish Gebor: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Andromeda2025: [qb] DNA is not my field of expertise, I read to keep a basic understanding and try to stay abreast of current news. My basic question is, since I see recurrent numbers how many different individuals are represented? The time period is interesting on Pre Ptolemaic The 25th dynasty was a line of rulers originating in the Nubian Kingdom of Kush – in present-day northern Sudan and southern Egypt – and most saw Napata as their spiritual homeland. They reigned in part or all of [b]Ancient Egypt from 760–656 BC[/b] [/qb][/QUOTE]You yourself posted on this. It's about 3 specimen. The oldest is dated 769 BC, yet ancient Egypt goes back 5 thousand years and millennia before that deeper in the South. The specimen are claimed to be from Abusir, which is located right under Lower west-Egypt. JK2911 JK2888 JK2134 I suggest you read more on this page: [QUOTE]At the bottom of this post is a plot for a K = 14 admixture analysis that includes three genomes from ancient Egypt. The table above the plot gives some information for these samples. The brown and black Negroid components are completely absent in the two Pre-Ptolemaic samples, while the Ptolemaic sample is 1.99% Negroid. This contrasts with the modern Egyptian samples, which are on average 10.93% Negroid.[/QUOTE] https://genetiker.wordpress.com/2017/06/04/k-14-admixture-analysis-of-ancient-egyptian-genomes/comment-page-1/#comment-1967 However, [QUOTE]Melanin Dosage Tests: Ancient Egyptians [IMG]http://i67.tinypic.com/33biuro.jpg[/IMG] [/QUOTE]-- A-M Mekota1, M Vermehren2 Biotechnic & Histochemistry 2005, 80(1): 7_/13 Determination of optimal rehydration, fixation and staining methods for histological and immunohistochemical analysis of mummified soft tissues https://www.academia.edu/8742479/Melanin_Dosage_Tests_Ancient_Egyptians_DRAFT_ http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10520290500051146 This is what the Abusir tomb shows: [IMG]https://www.granger.com/wmpix/woh/mis/0411464-ARCHAEOLOGY-Relief-with-hieroglyphs-at-the-entrance-to-the-tomb-of-Amon-Pen-Dynasty-XIX-Abusir-Necropolis-Egypt-Egyptian-civilisation-New-Kingdom-Dynasty-XIX-Full-credit-De-Agostini--S-Vannini--Granger-NYC-.jpg[/IMG] 0411464 ARCHAEOLOGY. Relief with hieroglyphs at the entrance to the tomb of Amon Pen (Dynasty XIX), Abusir Necropolis, Egypt. Egyptian civilisation, New Kingdom, Dynasty XIX. Full credit: De Agostini / S. Vannini / Granger, NYC https://www.granger.com/results.asp?search=1&screenwidth=1600&tnresize=200&pixperpage=40&searchtxtkeys=abusir&lastsearchtxtkeys=Abusir&lstorients=132 For now I am more interested in the Felix von Luschan Skull Collection. And for the black readers, you have to understand that the average white person is not responsible for these things. [QUOTE] 3. IMPERIALIST ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE CANARY ISLANDS AND THE STUDIES ON PREHISTORIC COLONIZATION The leading geostrategic role of the Archipelago itself in relation to the colonial partitioning of Africa by Europe, specially just after the Berlin Conference (1884-1885), is a factor that has to be taken into account when analysing the different approaches to the colonization of the islands developed at the time, since it was the motley framework of annexationist and imperialist interests that eventually made the islands an enclave coveted by certain European nations, specially by France and Germany, as we have already pointed out. The German and French presence in West Africa, next to the Canaries, turned the Archipelago into a geostrategic enclave, economically valuable (Farrujia 2005). It was this set of circumstances that would, in fact, favour the development within the islands of an imperialist archaeology, with clear racist leanings, in which some foreign authors engaged in Canarian studies were involved. This was the case with the French authors Jean-Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent, Sabin Berthelot, Cesar Faidherbe and René Verneau and the German authors Franz von Löher, Hans Meyer and Felix von Luschan. 3.3. The Aryan hypothesis Contrary to the French authors, German scholars argued for an Aryan presence in the Canary Islands, and therefore an ancient link between Germany and the Archipelago. Franz von Löher (1990 [1876]) insisted on the presence of Vandals in the islands (6th century) partly on the basis of archaeological evidence (stone huts), but mainly through philological arguments (considering the Guanche or indigenous language as a German dialect). The source he used as a basis for his description of the Germanic people and their comparison with the Guanches was De origine et situ Germanorum by Cornelius Tacitus, in which the Latin author explained the customs in the Germanic towns at the time of the Varian disaster. In relation to this text, it should be remembered that German academic tradition had in fact built its national identity around the Germanic tribes, on the basis of classic texts such as the one by this Latin author. [b]Other German authors, such as Hans Meyer (1896) and Felix von Luschan (1896) also argued for Aryan invasions, but from an anthropological point of view. According to them, the Armenian type, associated with Indo-Europeans (and therefore Aryans) was considered to be related to the indigenous Canarian people. In connection with the proposed relationship to the Armenian type, it is necessary to point out that the studies of Meyer and Luschan had in fact been developed at the same time as the rise of Germany in Egypt and Mesopotamia since, on the eve of the First World War, the Ottoman empire had become a political and economic arena of the first order. In fact, Luschan end up arguing, after developing his studies on the anthropological materials obtained from the campaigns in the Near East, that the first residents of Mesopotamia and Anatolia had been a brachycephalic Armenian type, with the Mediterranean dolichocephalics arriving after them. This justified the predominance of the Aryan presence in the territories of the Near East, and consequently legitimised the German right to occupy them3.[/b] 3 In the case of the Canary Islands, Luschan did not held this view explicitly. Nevertheless, do bear in mind that he was a firm patriot, nationalist and imperialist who supported the need for a German overseas empire and defended the utility of imperialist competition. This was why he adopted a pro-belligerent position when defending the imperialist interests of Germany in Africa (Zimmerman 2001: 46), and why he defended the Aryan presence in the Canary Islands. In the case of Franz von Löher the imperialist ambitions were held explicitly, because as he wrote in the foreword to his book (Löher 1876: 4), if the Guanches were German, they should be liberated sooner or later. 4.4. The German incidence German imperialist archaeology had hardly any influence on the Canarian authors. Several factors influenced this situation: the language barrier, since hardly any Canarian intellectuals spoke German4, the absence lack of any links between German and Canarian academic circles, the contacts established between Canarian and French scholars and the early relationship established between the Guanches and the Cro-Magnon type and, consequently, with the French prehistoric environment. Therefore, the theoretical and methodological guidelines developed in German archaeology and anthropology did not have such a profound effect on the Canarian academic world, which was more open and receptive to the French scientific world. The works of authors like Franz von Löher, Hans Meyer or Felix von Luschan on the Canaries were therefore unknown to most Canarian academics. Only some authors from the Islands referred to them, but without developing a critical reading of their works, an aspect doubtless influenced by a lack of knowledge of the German language5. [/QUOTE]—José Farrujia de la Rosa Waiving the ancestors voices? Archaeology, politics and identity in the Canary Islands at the end of the 19th century https://www.academia.edu/5708420/Waiving_the_ancestors_voices_Archaeology_politics_and_identity_in_the_Canary_Islands_at_the_end_of_the_19th_century [/QB][/QUOTE]
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