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When Did Whites Enter The "Middle East"?
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Super car: [QB] Earlier Thought wrote: [QUOTE]The Neolithic (along with the E3b Black African gene)spread into Anatolia and eventually the Danube Valley. This process would have been a two way street. With the spread of civilization/agriculture from Africa to Central Europe population growth would have accelerated in Europe. Trade routes would have been established and northern European genes would have flowed back into Anatolia, then the Levant and eventually into NE Africa... Richards et al. "We conclude that (i) there has been substantial back-migration into the Near East..."[/QUOTE] Here is the thing, as reiterated in the Cinnioglu et al citation: [i]"The phylogenetic and spatial distribution of its equivalent in Europe (Cruciani et al. 2002), the R1-M173 (xM17) lineage for which considerable data exist (Semino et al. 2000a; Wells et al. 2001; Kivisild et al. 2003) [b]implies that R1b3-M269 was well established throughout Paleolithic Europe, probably arriving from West Asia contemporaneous with Aurignacian culture.[/b] Although the phylogeographic pattern of [b]R1b3-M269 lineages in Europe suggest that R1-M173* ancestors first arrived from West Asia during the Upper Paleolithic[/b], we cannot deduce if R1b3-M269 first entered Anatolia via the Bosporus isthmus or from an opposite eastward direction. However, archeological evidence supports the view of the arrival of Aurignacian culture to Anatolia from Europe during the Upper Paleolithic rather than from the Iranian plateau (Kuhn 2002)."[/i] ...something that is not exactly news, but then this simply means that the presence of these lineages are to be expected in West Asia, where they arose in situ. So these lineages made their way to Europe about 40,000 years ago or so. This brings us to the following point, which is relevant to the idea of the lineages having expanded northwards from west Asia, and then subsequently expanding back to the Mediterranean regions [with southwestern Europe, i.e., Iberia being important, in terms of refuge] and Asian Minor during the last Ice age, and then at the end of LGM, re-peopling of the northward European regions began from these regions. And as noted time and again, during the early Holocene, Neolithic expansion involving sub-Sahara African E3b lineages along with J, spread these lineages to Europe: [i]"The variance of 49a,f ht35 related chromosomes are lower in the Balkan, Caucasian and Iraqi representatives than those in Turkey (Table 4). Similarly, the variance is higher in Iberia than in Western Europe. The decreasing diversity radiating from Turkey towards Southeast Europe, Caucasus and Mesopotamia approximates similar results from Iberia tracing the re-colonization of Northwest Europe by hunter-gatherers during the Holocene as suggested by others (Torroni et al. 1998; Semino et al. 2000a; Wilson et al. 2001)... Haplogroup R1b3-M269 occurs at 40–80% frequency in Europe and the associated STR variance suggests that the last ice age modulated R1b3-M269 distribution to refugia in Iberia and Asia Minor from where it subsequently radiated during the Late Upper Paleolithic and Holocene. The R1b3-M269 related, but opposite TaqI p49a, f ht 15 and ht35 distributions reflect the re-peopling of Europe from Iberia and Asia Minor during that period. The R1b3-M269 variances and expansion time estimates of Iberian and Turkish lineages are similar to each other (Table 2) but higher than observed elsewhere (Table 4). Low variances for R1b3-M269 lineages have also been reported for Czech and Estonian populations (Kivisild et al. 2003)."[/i] - Cinnioglu et al. The issue of European mtDNA (as per Richards et al.) comes into play in these southward back-migration, and perhaps the best indicator of back migration to the Near East, at least in the context of regions as far as Iraq, where variance of R1b3-M269 are lower relative to those in Turkey. [This message has been edited by Super car (edited 04 September 2005).] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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