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Vindicated by Brace's own words
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by The Explorer: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by zarahan: ^^Thanks for that clarification and addition. So even the anomaly overall still shows predominant West African Hg E markers.. Damn.. Another of Madilda's sly disinformation gambits busted...[/QUOTE]Apparently, the Fula intermingled with what might have been *nomadic* R1*-M173 bearers in the vicinity of the central Sahara, in their paths from western Sahara to the eastern areas of the Sahara. This explains why the Sudanese Fula groups seemed to have high frequencies of R1*-M173 (~54%) as well. But in Sudan, it appears that they exchanged gene pools with pre-existing E3b1 (~ 35%) bearing groups there, while still retaining some ancestry from the more western Saharan areas or else a western African origin point [as indicated by R1*-M173 (~ 54%) and E1 (12%) in Sudanese Fulani]. How has this been discerned? Well, if you look at the Fula groups bearing considerable frequencies of R1*-M173, be it the Sudanese ones or the Cameroonian ones, they all seem to have this feature of "reduced" E3a (E1b1a) representation than their more western African brethren, but the E1 -- which is again, typically found in western Africa -- is consistently represented and is understandable, in that fragmented & fairly low representations of this marker occur in central Saharan areas nearer to western African regions. Whereas E1 is fairly rare to absent in the eastern Sahara or eastern Africa, the Cameroonian Fula have considerable representation of E1 (~53%) as opposed to the Sudanese Fula (~12%). Apparetnly, the E1 in Sudanese Fula is working as a relic of their western African origin, however much negative drift it appears to have undergone in the Fula source [likely from the Cameroonian or Chadic area] that the Sudanese Fula came from. Unsurprisingly, the Burkina Faso Fula were strongly represented by E3a (~90%), and then E1 (~10%). See, E1 consistently appears, which means that E1 has been considerably represented in the Fulani's western African starting points, and from thereon, somewhere along the Central Sahara or the western vestiges of it, the nomadic Fulas picked up R1*-M173 markers. E3a is found in the Cameroonian Fula sample, but much less so than the Burkina Faso Fula -- ~ 6%, and completely disappears in the Sudanese Fula sample of Hassan et al. (2008). This is understandable to the extent that as one moves from western Africa towards eastern Africa along the Saharan belt, E3a starts to fade off in frequency. So, the Fula in northern Cameroon, being somewhat endogamous, appears to have undergone strong positive random genetic drift for R1*-M173, but even more so, for E1-M33, while E3a underwent reduced positive drift, if not a negative one. As they moved further east along the Sahara towards Sudan, E3a would essentially dift out, leaving the better represented E1 [as seen in the Cameroonian Fula] in observable frequencies but R1*-M173 in heightened frequencies. This means that the Sudanese Fula likely derived from [i]just a section[/i] of the Cameroonian Fula group, where R1*-M173 was most frequent to begin with, and thus, being an offshoot and having undergone a bottleneck and associated genetic drift, they harbored less diversity than their western African source counterpart [likely in the vicinity of northern Cameroon]. Remember that the northern Cameroonian Fula were predominantly represented by E1, as opposed to E3a? Well, it appears that this made it more likely that E1 would survive in an offshoot of Cameroonian Fula than E3a would, given that E3a was reduced in the northern Cameroonian Fula; henceforth, we see E1 retained in Sudanese Fula, in an area where E1 is generally otherwise absent. It conforms to the rule that when a small segment of a population diverges from the main one, it generally sports [i]only part[/i] of the diversity of the source population. One might ask why northern Cameroonian Fula sport reduced E3a, as compared to other Fula groups in the more western parts of Africa, while E1 is overwhelmingly represented. By the same token, R1*-M173 is considerably represented in the northern Cameroonian Fula but rare to absent in the more western Fulas. Note that R1*-M173 transcends the Fula in northern Cameroon. Interestingly, E1 appears to be relatively rare in Northern Cameroonian samples (Cruciani et al. 2002) except for the Fulani and the Tali groups of this region. On the other hand, it is well represented in western African groups, including the Burkina Faso Fula, but not the predominant marker. Like pointed out earlier, this pattern would be the case, if the Fula originally from western African area nearer to Cameroon, with considerable E1 and E3a were to exchange gene pools with other mobile groups of the Sahara, likely represented by R1*-M173, and spent the bulk of their time in the northern Cameroonian and/or central African Saharan areas, while eventually maintaining a good degree of endogamy within this newly unified group, which appears to have occurred mainly under Fulani terms, meaning that R1*-M173 were allowed to intermarry with Fula community, likely because the nomadic and possibly pastoralist traditions of both groups brought a sense of something culturally in common between the intermingling groups. The Fula group which intermingled with central Saharan nomads in northern Cameroon, were likely an offshoot of another west African Fula group, and so, as noted above, they would tend to have only a portion of the diversity of their source population. This could have biased E1 representation in the small band of Fulani who would go onto intermingle with aforementioned central Saharan groups. In such a community of nomads, E1 seemed to have been favored by genetic drift over R1* and E3a, but E3a being hit even more by random genetic drift, not enough to cause its frequency to disappear but strong enough to considerably lower said frequency. It doesn't appear that R1*-M173 are the only groups that the Fula intermingled with: They appeared to have picked up Hg A3b2 (~12%...like the R1* frequency in the northern Cameroonian Fula), which appears to be frequent in northern Cameroon, and likely in central Sahara (Chadic). Hg A3b2 is fairly frequent in eastern Africa; however, the interesting feature about the Sudanese Fula sample [Hassan et al. (2008)], is that it lacks this marker, which suggests that, like E3a, it too was underrepresented in the section of western [likely from Cameroon] Fula that was rich in R1*-M173 and drifted off. Its absense here, despite Sudan being rich in Hg A, may be explained by that "thing" about cultural commonality in association with the nomadic pastoralist life style. To this extent, the nomadic pastoralist E3b1 carriers appeared to be closer, and hence, allowed for more intermingling between the Fula and these groups. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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