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Evidence of Hebrew enslavement or Exodus tradition i?
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by osirion: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Hotep2u: [qb] Greetings Osirion wrote: [QUOTE] Numbers 12 1 And Miriam and Aaron spake against Moses because of the Ethiopian woman whom he had married: for he had married an Ethiopian woman. [/QUOTE]With all due respect this is a very interesting topic you have here though I would like to point out a minor discrepancy. Ethiopian is NOT NUBIAN, Ethiopian is Ethiopian. Hyksos had a alliance with a group of people known as KERMA CULTURE As the Middle Kingdom went into decline, groups of Asiatics appear to have migrated into the Delta and established settlements. The Second Intermediate Period began with the establishment of the 15th Dynasty at Avaris ( TeLL EL-Dabaa ) in the Delta. The 15th Dynasty rulers were largely contemporary with the line of minor Hyksos rulers who comprise the 16th Dynasty. The precise dates of these two dynasties, and more particularly their rulers, are uncertain, as are those of the 17th Dynasty, the last of the period. The 17th Dynasty ruled from Thebes, effectively acting as the "native" Egyptian government, as opposed to the foreign northern rulers. Having established their capital at Avaris, the political influence of the hyksos appears to have gradually spread, with the development of centres such as TELL EL-YAHUDiYA and TELL EL-MASKHUTA, and the probable seizure of the important Egyptian city f Memphis. The discovery of a small number of objects inscribed with the names of hyksos kings at sites such as Knossos, Baghdad adn Boghazkoy ( as well as the remains of Minoan frescos at 15th Dynasty Avaris ) suggest that the new rulers maintained trading links with the Near East and the Aegean. Seals at the Nubian site of KERMA bear the name SHESHI, apparently a corrupted form of Salitis, the earliest know Hyksos king. The presence of these seals probably indicates that there was an alliance between the Hyksos and the kingdom of Kerma, which would have helped them to counter the oppos- ition of the 17th Dynasty in Upper Egypt. THe last rulers of the 17 Dynasty, SEQENENRA TAA II and KAMOSE campaigned openly against the hyksos, and Ahmose I, the first ruler of the 18th Dynasty, was eventually able to drive them from power, thus establishing the New Kingdom. Hyksos : ( Egyptian heka khaswt : 'rulers of foreign lands' ) Term used to refer to a palestinian group ( or perhaps only there rulers ) who migrated to Egypt during the late Middle Kingdom ( c. 1800 - 1650 BC ) and rose to power in in Lower Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period ( 1650 - 1550 BC ) . It used to be assumed that the Hyksos conquered Egypt at the end of the 13th Dynasty, but it's now recognized that the process was probably far more gradual and peaceful; according to donald redford, 'it's not unreasonable to assume that with the gradual weakening of royal authority, the Delta defenses were allowed to lapse, and groups of transhumants found it easy to cross the border and settle in Lower Egypt...Having persuaded oneself of this, the Hyksos assumption of power reveals itself as a peaceful takeover from within by a racial element already in the majority'. The Semitic names of such 15th- and 16th- .Dynasty Hyksos rulers as Khyan,Joama and their non-Egyptian origins. A number of new Kingdom texts, including the Ramesside Papyrus Sallier ( c. 1220 BC ) , suggest that the Hyksos interlude was essentially the ruthless imposition of Asiatic culture of that of the native Egyptians, but these were undoubtedly biased accounts., and th archaeological evidence is considerably more ambiguous. The cemeteries, temples and stratified settlement remain at such eastern Delta sites as TELL EL-DAB'A,TELL EL-MASKHUTA and TELL EL-YAHUDIYA include considerable quantities of Syro-Palestin- ian material dating to the Middle Bronze age II period ( c. 2000-1700 BC. ) , but the Hyksos kings themselves have left few distinctively 'Asiatic'remains. The small number of royal sculptures of the Hyksos period largely adhere to the iconographic and stylistic traditions of the Middle Kingdom. There is some evidence to suggest that the rulers supported the traditional forms of government and adopted an Egyptian-style ROYAL TITULARY, although manfred Bietakhas discovered a door jamb at ( Tell El-Dab'a ) bearing the name of the Hyksos king Sokarher with the title heka khaswt. their major deity was SETH but they also worshipped other Egyptian gods as well as ANAT and ASTARTE, two closely related goddesses of Syro-Palestinian origin. Conventional forms of Egyptian literature, such as the Rhind Mathematical papyrus continued to be composed or copied. Having established their capital at Avaris, they appear to have gradually spread westward, establishing centers such as TELL EL-YAHUDIYA, and taking control of the important Egyptian city of Memphis. The discovery of a small number of objects inscribed with the names of Hyksos kings at sites such as Knossos, Baghdad and Boghazkoy ( as well as the remains of Minoan frescos at 15th Dynasty Avaris ) suggest that the new rulers maintained trading links with the Near East and the Aegean. [b]Seals at the Nubian site of Kerma[/b] bear the name Sheshi, apparently a corrupted form of Salitis, the earliest known Hyksos king. [b] The present of these seals probably indicates that there was an alliance between the Hyksos and the kingdom of Kerma, which would have helped them both to counter opposition in Upper Egypt, where a rival group, the 17th Theban Dynasty, were violently opposed to foreign rule.[/b] The second stele of KAMOSE,describing one of the Theban campaigns against the hyksos, includes clear references to a Nubian-Hyksos alliance by the end of the 17th dynasty. During the Hyksos period, greater use was made of Horeses, and their use in warfare was developed through the introduction of the CHARIOT,which facilitated the development of new military techniques and strategies. the curved sword ( khepesh )was introduced, with body armour and helmets. Ironically, it was probably the adoption of such new military technology by the Thebans that helped their rulers to defeat the Hyksos , and to establish AHMOSE I ( 1550-1525 BC. ) as the first king of the 18th Dynasty, and founder of the New Kingdom ( 1550-1069 BC.). The grave goods in Upper Egyptian private cemeteries of the Hyksos period (such as Abydos and Qau ) show great continuity with the pre-Hyksos period, suggesting that the cultural impact of the Hyksos rulers may have been restricted to the Delta region. even sites in the Memphite region and the western Delta show few indications of Palestinian influence. it has also been suggested by Harry Kemp that the apparent 'cultural hiatus'in the Fayum region during the second interm- ediate period may simply be an indication of political disrup- tion in those areas which has previously had a strong associ- ation with the Middle Kingdom central administration. PLEASE NOTE THE ALLIANCE WAS WITH THE KINGDOM OF KERMA. Kerma is Kerma and not Nubia. Here is a picture of a princess headress from the Hyksos period. [IMG]http://www.bibleandscience.com/archaeology/images/hyksos1.jpg[/IMG] Hyksos again [IMG]http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/0egyptintro/6egypt/6bildsidor/hyksosivory.jpg[/IMG] [/qb][/QUOTE]No such thing as a Nubian people. This is simply what we call the people to the South of Egypt and nothing more. Ethiopia is to the South of Egypt and the people the Greeks called Ethiopian (such as the people of Meroe) we normally consider to be Nubians. Ethiopia of the Bible is not Ethiopia as in modern day Ethiopia. However, the Bible does refer to the Meroitic dynasty as an Ethiopian state. Queen Candace of Meroe is referred to as an Ethiopian queen but we know she is Nubian. Acts 8:27 (Whole Chapter) And he arose and went: and, behold, [b]a man of Ethiopia[/b], an eunuch of great authority under [b]Candace queen of the Ethiopians[/b], who had the charge of all her treasure, and had come to Jerusalem for to worship, I think you guys are falling into modern day concepts with modern political ideals and re-translating the clear and obvious meaning of the ancient scriptures. If Ethiopia in the Bible simply meant "Black" then does the above scripture make any sense? According to Ausar, Dhjeuti and yourself, Queen Candance is the Queen of the Burnt face people? Clearly this is not what is meant. We know Queen Candance is an Nubian Queen hence it is logical to conclude that the Biblical reference to Ethiopia is a reference to the Nubian people in general. In this case it is a reference to a state rather than an abstact group of people. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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