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KUSH: Ancient Sudan including Egypt's Nubian and sandstone regions
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by alTakruri: [QB] About this Kerma vs Kush thing: We have to rely on Kmtyw texts because the Nehhesyw deferred writing full texts until very late in their history. The Kmtyw took to gathering all the polities of the limestone region of the Nile Valley into one nation. This was the [b]Lower Nile Valley[/b] a.k.a. [i]TaMeri[/i], the Beloved Land. In the sandstone regions of the Nile Valley the [b][i]Nehhesyw[/i][/b] we know as the [i]A-Group[/i] had various polities in the [b]Middle Nile Valley[/b]. [b][i]TaSeti[/i][/b] is a term that covers all those separate polities. A few of those polities appear to have confederated by territory into three states. Eventually those three states formed a nation with, and named after, [b][i]Wawat[/i][/b]. [i]TaSeti[/i] once extended from Nag el Hasaya, Edfu in what became [i]T3wy[/i]'s 2nd sepat (nome), to the Batn el Hagar (just above the 2nd cataract). [i]TaShema[u/w][/i], the southern of the Two Lands (T3wy) took over the sandstone region from Edfu ([i]Djeba/Nesen[/i]) to the 1st cataract. This area became the southern half of the 2nd sepat (Heru's Throne) and all of the 1st sepat ([i]TaSeti.nwt[/i]). The area between the 1st and 2nd cataracts retained the name [b][i]TaSeti.x3st[/i][/b] and was an active part of [i]Wawat[/i] (the "Conspirators"). How far [i]Wawat[/i] extended south of the 2nd cataract is unknown but probably only to the Batn el Hagar (Rocky Belly). [b][i]Yam[/i][/b] may've began just south of the Batn el Hagar and was the next state above [i]Wawat[/i]. [b][i]Sai[/i][/b] may've been a northern polity under [i]Yam[/i]. [i]Yam[/i] probably extended as far as the 4th cataract judging from the fact that [URL=http://www]"Ancient Urban Kerma"[/URL] artifacts have been unearthed from the 3rd to at least the 4th cataracts. At this period in time [b][i]Kush[/i][/b] was the next territory upriver. [b][i]Kerma[/i][/b] appears to have been [i]Yam[/i]'s capital. [i]Yam[/i] enjoyed a most favorable trade relationship with T3wy. [URL=http://www]"Urban Kerma"[/URL] was a magnet for populations west and east of the Nile as well as those south upriver in the [b]Upper Nile Valley[/b]. At some point in time [i]Yam[/i] disappears from the record as the [i]Keshli[/i] took over [URL=http://www]"Middle Urban Kerma"[/URL] and toughened up terms of trade with T3wy. Resentful of a situation it was powerless to overturn, the Kmtyw label the nation of [i]Kesht[/i] as [i][b]"Kesh keshyt"[/b][/i] (Kush the contemptable). As far as I can gather, [i]Kesh[/i] was a nation located at least between the 4th and 5th cataracts with Gebel Barkal ([b][i]Napata[/i][/b])as an important politico-religious center for all the [b]Nile Valley[/b]. As a kingdom on its way to empire [i]Kesh[/i] began to control provinces all the way upriver to the [b][i]Butana[/i][/b] and all the way downriver to somewhere between the 2nd and 1st cataracts. [URL=http://www]"Classic Urban Kerma"[/URL] was the capital of [i]Kush[/i]. So during Hysos times [b][i]Kerma[/i][/b] cannot be juxtaposed to [b][i]Kush[/i][/b]. In its heyday [i]Kush[/i] was the most far flung ancient world empire. Its borders were the [i]Butana[/i] (confluence of the White and Blue Niles) way in the south and the city of [i]Megiddo[/i] (in the Levant) far to the north. * (3800-2850 BCE) A-Group * (2300-1500 BCE) C-Group * (????-2150 BCE) Yam * (4800-3500 BCE) Neolithic Kerma * (3500-2700 BCE) Pre-Kerma * (5000-1500 BCE) Sai * (2450-2050 BCE) Kerma Ancien * (2050-1750 BCE) Kerma Moyen * (1750-1550 BCE) Kerma Classique * (1640-1530 BCE) Hyksos * (2000BCE-350CE) Kush (Kerma, Napata, Meroe) [CODE] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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