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TAMAZIGHT - a branch of the Afrisan family of African languages
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by MyRedCow: [QB] The Phoenicians occupied the coast of North Africa and gave rise to a Punic age, with the growth of trade and the commerce center of Carthage. The Romans made it the granary and breadbasket of the Roman Empire. They established forts and communities throughout the region, and the era of Roman rule recognized a number of Amazigh rulers through their Provinces of Numidia in Algeria and Tunisia, and Mauretania in the west. With the First Treaty of Barca, in Libya, Arabs set up the precedent of exacting 360 heads of women and children as slaves in payment for war tax, annually. This exaction was repeated throughout the conquest of North Africa, insuring an ample supply of slaves that were shipped to Egypt, Syria and the Peninsula of Arabia. Arabisation did not take place for a long time, but Islamization was immediate, and accomplished by threat or persuasion. Rebelling chiefs of tribes were mutilated publicly to instill fear in others along with warnings that it was useless to resist the invaders. The most famous resistance is that of The Kahena, a woman from a group of Jewish Berbers of the Aures mountains who led forces of Berbers with the war cry “Onward, Lions of Judah, onward Lions of Africa.” She was in the end betrayed by a young captured Arab she had adopted, who divulged her whereabouts to the Arab leaders. She was captured, beheaded and her head shipped to Arabia. It was a time of alliances with Berber groups ruled by Massinissa or Jugurtha, and the quelling of numerous rebellions of the large population of the Gaetules to the south of the Roman Limes.. A number of literary figures of the Latin literature are actually Berbers, Terence, and the first novelist of Africa to ever be published, Apuleius of Madauros. See my article, Apuleius of Madauros, published in 2000 in The Amazigh Voice, a scholarly Journal published in the United States. Unfortunately, time constraints do not allow me to go into much detail, but I have brought with me this article on Apuleius as the first Amazigh Philosopher and novelist, and copies are available on this table. The Arab Invasions of the 7th to the 11th centuries Upon the decline of the Roman Empire, invasions of hordes of Vandals reached North Africa. Unlike the Romans who left their marks on the culture of that region, the Vandals have left practically no trace. The region was in disarray when the Arab invasions began, invasions which came wave upon wave until the Beni Hillal in the 11th century. From the Peninsula of Arabia in mid 7th century, forces began to march north to conquer Syria, Lebanon and Iraq, and West to conquer Egypt, Libya, and North Africa. The Arabs distinguished between two types of population: there were the people who followed religions of the book (Christians and Jews who were in fairly large number in North Africa) from whom they exacted the jizya, a special tax which guaranteed their safety as long as they submitted to the Arab rule and Islam: those groups were considered “dhimmis” (second class citizens) The rest of the population, Berbers who were polytheists had the choice of converting or death. They were considered “pagan” and Islamic law allowed the killings and enslavement of such people. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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