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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Djehuti: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by adrianne: [qb] Khawashkar. whats your thoughts on this 1.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maure 2.Moors in european Literature In David MacRitchie , « Ancient and Modern Britons » , 1884,VOL I, page 46: "Any latin dictionary, any old one at least, will tell you that maurus is a "moor ", a " blackamoor " or a "tawny moor ". And Shakespeare uses the world "moor " as a synonym for "negro" (Merchant of Venice, act III, scene V). At that last world bears nowadays a somewhat restricted meaning , it may be better to take the old fashioned « blackamoor »,as the nearest English rendering of maurus signifying thereby any black, or brown skinned man." In Page 214: "And in the diction of the past, A black man was a moor" Collection of Sir Thomas Wriothesley garter king of Arms (1504-1534) In Golden age of the moors and African presence in ealy Europe The Moorish "noblesse" of Yorkshire: http://tinypic.com/mw6r1z.jpg Moor-Women: http://tinypic.com/mw6tuf.jpg SIR MORIEN, BLACK KNIGHT OF THE EUROPEAN MIDDLE AGES: http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/morien.html Reference of this painting: Westminster Tournament Roll (1511) By permission of The College of Arms, London Representing a Moor http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/images/early_times/blacktrumpeter.jpg Niger Val Dub : The Moors were dominant in Scotland in the 10th century. One of them, was known as King Kenneth, sometimes as Niger or Dubh, a surname which means 'the black man.' It is a historical fact that Niger Val Dubh lived and reigned over certain black divisions in scotland - and that a race known as 'the sons of the blacks' succeeded him in history. (JA Rogers, Sex and Race) http://www.100greatblackbritons.com/bios/niger_val_dub.html In the french tale "La chanson de Roland", the frenchman ROLAND loose a battle against the moorish King MASSILE: http://img32.imageshack.us/img32/231/charlemagneafricain5bf.jpg Crowning Scene of a moorish KING: http://img242.imageshack.us/img242/1610/roiafricain9xa.jpg ATTACK Of a CASTLE BY CHARLEMAGNE - DATE: 1335: http://img32.imageshack.us/img32/3667/charlemagne1sz.jpg Moor Presence within the English Royal Family 1504-1534: http://img242.imageshack.us/img242/3314/photosnoirsafricains5zo.jpg ALESSANDRO DEI MEDICI, DUC of FLORENCE,called "ALESSENDRO LE MAURE - son-in-law of emperor CHARLES V. His father was Pope Clement CLEMENT VII - " http://img32.imageshack.us/img32/7949/ecrivainafricain6bh.jpg ANNA - Mother of ALESSANDRO DEI MEDICI: http://img32.imageshack.us/img32/5949/histoireeuropeafrique0qy.jpg MOOR-King IN EUROPE - DATE: 1400 http://img32.imageshack.us/img32/4978/noireseuropes3rg.jpg References about Moors in Europe: The Golden Age of the Moor: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560005815/qid=1123820060/sr=2-2/ref=pd_bbs_b_2_2/102-4337635-3223302 Ancient and Modern Britons Volume 1 http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0939222108/qid=1137116062/sr=1-2/ref=sr_1_2/102-6901085-5422503?s=books&v=glance&n=283155 Ancient and Modern Britons Volume 2 http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0939222116/qid=1137116062/sr=1-1/ref=sr_1_1/102-6901085-5422503?s=books&v=glance&n=283155 HISTORY NOTES - BLACK PEOPLE IN THE BRITISH ISLES AND EARLY NORTHERN EUROPE: http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/british.html HISTORY NOTES - DR. EDWARD VIVIAN SCOBIE AND THE AFRICAN PRESENCE IN EARLY EUROPE : http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/scobie.html HISTORY NOTES - MINOAN CRETE AFRICAN INFLUENCED FORERUNNER OF EUROPEAN CIVILIZATIONS : http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/crete.html REFERENCE NOTES - THE AFRICAN STAR OVER EUROPE: A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE AFRICAN PRESENCE IN EARLY EUROPE: http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/europe.html REFERENCE NOTES - AFRICANS IN EARLY BRITAIN: A BIBLIOGRAPHY: http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/britbib.html HISTORY NOTES - THE MOORS IN EUROPE : http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/moors1.html HISTORY NOTES - THE MOORISH CONQUEST OF SPAIN: http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/moors2.html HISTORY NOTES - LEO AFRICANUS: MOORISH MAN OF LEARNING : http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/africanus.html HISTORY NOTES - THE INFLUENCE OF THE MOORS IN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL: http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/portugal.html HISTORY NOTES - MOORS AND ARABS : http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/moors_arabs.html REFERENCE NOTES - THE MOORS IN ANTIQUITY A BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/moors-bib.html HISTORY NOTES - A NOTE ON THE BLACK MADONNAS OF EUROPE http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/madonnas.html REFERENCE NOTES - THE BLACK MADONNAS OF EUROPE A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY: http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/madonbib.html King Kenneth of the Picts 997a.d. to 1004a.d. : http://www.100greatblackbritons.com/bios/niger_val_dub.html [/qb][/QUOTE]^Adrianne, you are indeed correct. Here is some more info that I hope will end Washkar's nonsense. (Although I doubt it, since trolls obsessed with misinformation will never relent) [i]The term Maure derives from the Phoenician term Mahurin (Westerners). From Mahurin the ancient Greeks derive Mauro meaning [b]black[/b] , and later Greeks derive Maurikios after them, the Latin derive Mauri meaning [b]Black African[/b]. From the same root we derive: Maur , Maurus, Marra , Moro, Morisco , Mohr, Moritz Morelo , Moor, Moru, Maru, Morelo, Maureta, Mauretania, Mauritius, Maureen, Maroon, Morocco , Moore, Maurice , Meuric, Meurig, Morien, Morin, Moryan , Moreto, and such. At one time the whole of the western arm of Africa (what is now West Africa, from Libya to Nigeria and around the Atlantic coast), was called Mauretania . The word Mauretania was interchangeable with all the names of what is now Africa: 'Ethiopia', 'Libya', and the now defunct 'Negroland'[/i] [b]Claudio Ptolemy's map of Mauretania (Notice it includes all of West Africa)[/b] [IMG]http://www.africanfront.com/images/mavritaniamap.gif[/IMG] [i]Since the 11th century, the heraldic term Maure refers to the symbol of [b]an African head[/b], or more specifically [b]any blackened image of an African[/b], or a part of an African, or an item associated with or representing Africans. In the 18th century English usage of the term Moor began to refer specifically to African Muslims, but especially to any person who speaks one of the Hassaniya dialects. This language, in its purest form, draws heavily from the original Yemeni Arabic spoken by the Bani Hassan tribe, which invaded northwest Africa during the 16th and 17th centuries.[/i] (Since then, Hassaniya became liturgical speech and lingua franca of all Saharans and Northwest Africans to this day). Of course, as has been explained ad-naseum in this forum and most recently in this thread. The Islamicized Al-Moravids and Al-Mohads took power and were the main dynasties of the Magrheb after the Arabs. The invasion of Spain was led by Moors (black) Muslims. [b]Al Hambra, Granada's citadel in the Sierra Nevada, Andalucia - Spain[/b] [IMG]http://www.africanfront.com/images/alhambra2.jpg[/IMG] [i]After the fall of the Umayyads in Damascas, the Africans in Spain, known as the Moro were cut off and came under threat from successive invasions. However, the Moro retained the white flag and it came to be associated with negro troops specifically, whereas the Saracen Arab invaders who followed them into Spain used the red flag of the Khawarij Republican followers of Caliph Uthman III. As pressure from the Reyes Católicos (the Christian Reconquistadors) increased over the centuries, African states in Spain mutated and fell and rose many times. The most stable and longest lived African state in Spain was Grenada, with the magnificent Nasridin dynasty citadel of Al Hambra as its capitol. Al Hambra surrendered to the Reyes Católicos at dawn on January 2, 1492. Spain and Portugal followed this action with the conquest of parts of Africa, the destruction of African communities in Europe and the invasion of the Americas. Lisbon's black population, that out-numbered Europeans in 1550, was devasted by the plagues of the times. The last free blacks in Spain were expelled on April 6, 1609. The last African flag of Grenada consisted of heraldic "Argent, a pomegranate gules leafed vert" (ie., an all-white flag, with a centred red pomegranate flower with green petals). It is unclear what the symbolic significance of the pomegranate bloom was to blacks in Spain. What is notable, however, is that the Pomegranate gave its name to Granada, as well as to the Hand Grenade which came into use in the 15th century. Moreover, the bloom has the colors Green, Yellow, Red, which coincidentally are the Pan-African colors. Perhaps most cryptic of all is the ancient saying "There is nothing in the world like the pain of being blind in Granada," probably less a reference to the blindfolded Maure and more about the beauty of perhaps the most beautiful place in Europe. Al Hambra is still only second to the Vatican in tourist visitors.[/i] A look at Europe after Muslim invasions: [i]The Maure was used in Corsica beginning in 1281, and later during the struggle for independence, by both sides, beginning in 1736. The Corsican Maure was female. General Paoli ordered the chain removed from the Maure in 1760, and a few years later had the blindfold on the coat-of-arms morphed into a headband because 'Corsicans want to see things in a clear way...'. However, the blindfold remained on the Corsican currency. The current Corsican flag, called the "Bandera testa Mora" has a regular knot at the back of the head. The "Mora" is used out of respect for Corsica's most popular historic figure, General Pascuale Paoli, who led the struggle for independence [1755 to 1769], and who wrote the egalitarian Constitution which insipired Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Thomas Jefferson. From 1281 to 1387 the Maure was used on the seals of the kings of Aragon. The white ground Maure (sans Adinkra) was also the original flag of the Africans during the successful slave revolt in Haiti (San Domingo) in 1799 AD.[/i] [b]Corsica's ancient Coat-of-Arms bearing distinctly female Maure[/b] [IMG]http://www.africanfront.com/images/maurefemale.jpg[/IMG] [i]In heraldic tradition that has grown out of this rich past, the Moor's Head refers to "a black's head, generally in profile, and frequently banded". There are various kinds of medieval descriptions of the Maure that include "Argent, three moor's heads couped at the shoulders proper filleted or and gules (1732-35), or, in referance to a Blackmore blazon, "on a fesse between three Moor's heads erased sable as many crescents argent"; "...a blackamoor's head couped sable"; "a cross gules between four blackamoor's heads affrontee, couped at the shoulders proper, wreathed about the temples gold (1633); "Per fesse argent and sable, a pale counterchanged three negro's heads proper".[/i] [i]The escutcheons (coat of arms) of the blackamoor proliferated in both private and civic European Orders throughout the 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th and 15th centuries. Heraldic descriptions such as "Argent, three blackamoors' heads couped sable, capped or, fretty gules" on coats of arms became common shortly after 1096. Even today, Sardinia's coat of arms bears four African heads each displayed in one of the four quarters created by the cross on the white shield. [b]Sardinian coat of arms[/b] [IMG]http://www.africanfront.com/images/sardegna4.gif[/IMG] Last but not least, is the legendary Christian Saint, St. [b]Maurice[/b] of Egypt! [i]In Roman times the Theban Legion was led by Maurice, the warrior saint, and Primicerius (commander) of Roman troops from Thebes in Egypt. The Theban Legion was sent to suppress a revolt of the Bagandae in Agaunum in Gaul (St-Maurice en Valais) in the 3rd century. That Maurice ordered his soldiers not to participate in pagan rites. They were punished by the Emperor Maximian Herculeus first by decimation and finally by the wholesale massacre of the Theban Legion. Maurice and his fellow officers were executed in A.D. 287. Some depictions of that St. Maurice rightly portray him as black and show red flags, sometimes with a black stripe.[/i] [b]'St.Erasm and St.Maurice' painted by Matthias Grunewald[/b] [IMG]http://cgfa.sunsite.dk/grunewal/grunewa4.jpg[/IMG] [i]In medieval Europe the Maure imagery represented the Sudanese command of the German armies of the Holy Roman Empire in the 12th century. These African officers defended Swedes during the Scandinavian rebellion against Germany. Several settlements in Europe - including St. Moritz - are named after these Africans. The white flag with the black profile became the flag of several separate Orders named for of St. Maurice, that sprung up all over Europe in the 12th century. However, the name Maurice was generic and refers to many different and unrelated black soldiers in medieval European history.[/i] [b]St. Maurice of Magdeburg, Germany[/b] [IMG]http://commons.wikimedia.org/upload/a/a7/Saint_Maurice_Magdeburg.jpg[/IMG] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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