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O.T. Races Exist: Global variation in copy number in the human genome
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Clyde Winters: [QB] Rasol [QUOTE] And now you sound frustrated. Why would that be? Perhaps because you have no scientific basis for your racial ideology. So....you are reduced to scouring the internet seeking anything faintly resembling 'support'. You find none. So the best you can do is distort the works of real scholars who do not agree with you. You do the same thing with your language work. Seems a tad obsessve, no? Disagree? [/QUOTE]Yes I disagree. The article makes it clear that races exist. Article [QUOTE][b] In contrast to other classes of human genetic variation, the population genetics of copy number variation remains unexplored. The distribution of copy number variation within and among different populations is shaped by mutation, selection and demographic history. A range of polymorphisms, including SNPs25, microsatellites59 and Alu insertion variants60, has been used to investigate population structure. To demonstrate the utility of copy number variation genotypes for population genetic inference we performed population clustering61 on 67 genotyped biallelic CNVs. We obtained the optimal clustering with the assumption of three ancestral populations, with the African, European and Asian populations clearly differentiated (Fig. 7). Population differentiation of individual variants is commonly estimated by the statistic FST, which varies from 0 (undifferentiated) to 1 (population-specific)62. The average FST for the same 67 autosomal CNVs was 0.11, very similar to that observed for all autosomal Phase I HapMap SNPs (0.13)25. Recent population-specific positive selection elevates population differentiation. To explore population differentiation at all CNVs, we devised a statistic, VST, that estimates population differentiation based on the quantitative intensity data and varies from 0 to 1, similar to FST (Supplementary Fig. 16). Estimating VST for all clones on the WGTP array and all CNVs on the 500K EA array revealed a number of outliers with levels of population differentiation suggestive of population-specific selective pressures (Fig. 8; see also Supplementary Table 20). Among these outliers were two CNVs previously demonstrated to have elevated population differentiation7, 19: UGT2B17 is a gene encoding a UDP-glucuronosyl transferase with roles in androgen metabolism and xenobiotic conjugation63, 64, and CCL3L1 is a chemokine-encoding multi-copy gene at which greater copy numbers protect against HIV-1 infection19. [/b] [/QUOTE][b]This is the claim of geneticists from 13 leading research institutions. Are you saying these learned professionals are wrong while you and your friends on this forum are right? [/b] [QUOTE] http://tinyurl. com/yh7kp2 There are just under 30,000 genes in the human genome, which consists of about 3 billion "letters" of the DNA code. The scientists found that more than 10 per cent of these genes appear to be multiplied in the 270 people who took part in the study.[b] They do not know why some genes are copied and some are not. One gene, called CCL3L1, which is copied many times in people of African descent, appears to confer resistance to HIV. Another gene involved in making a blood protein is copied many times in people from south-east Asia and seems to help against malaria.[/b] Other research has shown that variation in the number of copies of some genes is involved in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. [b] Are there any other practical applications? The scientists looked at people from three broad racial groups - African, Asian and European. Although there was an underlying similarity in terms of how common it was for genes to be copied, there were enough racial differences to assign every person bar one to their correct ethnic origin. This might help forensic scientists wishing to know more about the race of a suspect. Who made the discovery and where can we read more about it? Scientists from 13 research centres were involved, including Britain's Sanger Institute in Cambridge, which also took a lead role in deciphering the human genome. The research is published in Nature, Nature Genetics and Genome Research. [/b] [/QUOTE]The evidence is clear. It is you, not I, that lives in a world of fantasy. . [/QB][/QUOTE]
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