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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Quetzalcoatl: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Clyde Winters: [You are wasting your time attempting to use the "method of authority" to make it appear that your 'authorities' should be more recognized than Welmers a leading authority on the Mnade langauges in his own right.[/QUOTE]There is no doubt that Welmers was an authority on African languages but the paper you cite was written in 1971, 36 years ago and there has been an enourmous amount of work done in both archaeology and linguistics since then. Moreover, you can deny, ignore and skirt it but [b]the fact is that you have cited Welmers incorrectly. He does NOT support your claims about Mande migrations. I have posted the quotes from Welmers' article-- please post a quote from that paper where Welmers says that the MANDE migrated from the Nile Valley.[/b] I cited my"authorities" the same way you cite Welmers, except you do not give any quotes but rather your interpretation of what Welmers supposedly said. [QUOTE] Moreover, these people are no more qualified then myself in African linguistics. My research in Paleo-Afro-Dravidian linguistics have been published in peer reviewed journals for years. Except for Ehret in relation to Nilo-Saharan and Chadic, most of the people you mention have never done any linguistic reconstruction work.[/QUOTE]I will post Ehret's and Blench's publications below for others to judge the validity of this claim. I would invite members of ES to look at the catalogs of various universities to see how widely held journals such as the Journal of Tamil Studies are held. Linguists publish in linguistic journals. [QUOTE] The authors you presented have speculated on the origin of the Niger-Congo speakers.None of these scholars have presented any linguistic evidence in support of their propositions; or archaeological evidence supporting a migration of people from Senegal eastward' or from Nigeria northward as suggested by the authors you cite.[/QUOTE]Of course they have, any participant in ES can look at the titles of the publications I'll post and decide. [QUOTE] You have yet to present any arcaheological evidence disputing the evidence of ceramics spreading from the Fezzan and Sahara; [/QUOTE ] This is known as shifting the topic and not relevant to the topics on this thread [QUOTE]nor have you presented any evidence disputing the relationship between the Mande and Egyptian terms for dogs, and the presence of Basanji dogs only in Egypt and Liberia.[/QUOTE]Don't need to since, if this were a trial it would have been dismissed for lack of evidence. You never showed any evidence that [i]uher[/i] was an Egyptian term for dog much less for a Basenji, therefore the strained linguistic pirouettes you went through are irrelevant [QUOTE] Welmers hypothesis has been confirmed. It remains the best idea on the origination of the Niger-Congo speakers supported by evidence, instead of speculation.[/QUOTE]Two points. You keep distorting Welmers hypothesis-- he never said that the MANDE migrated from the southern Nile Valley, which is the point you want to make over and over. and Welmers, himself, pointed out that his ideas were tentative. The nice thing about quotes is that you get to see what people really said-- Welmers : [QUOTE] a bit of judicious speculation about Mande origins and migrations may not be out of order ... An original Niger-Congo homeland in the general vicinity of the upper Nile valley is probably as good a hypothesis as any[/QUOTE]You make it sound as if Welmers presented all sorts of evidence for his hypothesis about the migrations, but in fact, the only evidence is his claim about the Basenji dog (pretty weak we now see). The article is primarily a review of the characteristics of Mande languages and of the work done on them up to 1971. Another of the distortions you make of this article. Here is a quote from the article about his enormous expertise on Mande [QUOTE] In 1951, I had the opportunity of spending a busy weekend on Mano; this proved sufficient to cover the phonology and some crucial areas of morphology. . . The opportunities that have come to me for contributing to Mande language studies have also extended beyond Liberia. As an outgrowth of a one-week mission language conference in Kankan, guinea in May, 1948, I published anarticle on the tonal system of Maninka, a northern Mande language. (Welmers 1949)[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]This is a free country. You can believe any garbage you wish. The lost in knowledge is yours and the people who follow your lead.[/QUOTE]no comment Below are partial lists of the publications by Christopher Ehret and Roger Blench you can judge if 1) they are qualified to speak on the topic and 2) the have done any research on Niger-Congo and the Mande First Ehret: Selected Publications BOOKS: The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. University Press of Virginia, 2002. A Comparative Historical Reconstruction of Proto-Nilo-Saharan. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 2001. An African Classical Age: Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1998. (C. Ehret and M. Posnansky, eds.) The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982. Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and Vocabulary. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995. The Historical Reconstruction of Southern Cushitic Phonology and Vocabulary. Berlin: Reimer, 1980. Ethiopians and East Africans: The Problem of Contacts. Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1974. Southern Nilotic History: Linguistic Approaches to the Study of the Past. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1971. RESEARCH ARTICLES: (asterisks identify monographic research articles) LINGUISTIC METHOD IN HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY “Writing African History from Linguistic Evidence.” Chapter 3 in John Edward Philips (ed.), Writing African History, pp. 86-111. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2005. (Extension and revision of entry 65 above). “Language Family Expansions: Broadening our Understanding of Cause from an African Perspective.” Chapter 14 in P. Bellwood and C. Renfrew (ed.), Examining the Farming/Language Dispersal Hypothesis, pp. 163-176. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2003. “The Establishment of Iron-Working in Eastern, Central, and Southern Africa: Linguistic Inferences on Technological History,” Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 16/17 (2001): 125-175. “Testing the Expectations of Glottochronology against the Correlations of Language and Archaeology in Africa.” Chapter 15 in C. Renfrew, A. McMahon, and L. Trask (ed.), Time Depth in Historical Linguistics, Vol. 2, pp. 373-399. Cambridge: McDon¬ald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2000. “Language and History.” Chapter 11 in B. Heine and D. Nurse (ed.), African Languages: An Introduction, pp. 272-297. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. “Language Change and the Material Correlates of Language and Ethnic Shift,” Antiquity 62, no. 236 (1988): 564-574. (C. Ehret and M. Kinsman) “Shona Dialect Classification and its Implications for Iron Age History in Southern Africa,” International Journal of African Historical Studies 14, 3 (1981): 401-443. “The Demographic Implications of Linguistic Change and Language Shift.” In C. Fyfe and D. McMaster (ed.), African Historical Demography, Vol. 2, pp. 153-182. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, Centre of African Studies, 1981. “Historical Inference from Transformations in Cultural Vocabularies,” Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 2 (1980): 189-218. “Linguistic Evidence and its Correlation with Archaeology,” World Archaeology 8, 1 (1976): 5-18. “Language Evidence and Religious History.” In T. O. Ranger and I. N. Kimambo (ed.), The Historical Study of African Religion, pp. 45-49. London, Berkeley: Heinemann and University of California Press, 1972. “Linguistics as a Tool for Historians,” Hadith 1 (1968): 119-133. Nairobi: East African Publishing House, for Historical Association of Kenya. HISTORY, EAST AFRICA “The Eastern Kenya Interior, 1500-1800.” In E. S. Atieno Odhiambo (ed.), African Historians and African Voices, pp. 33-46. Basel: P. Schlettwein Publishers, 2001. “The East African Interior.” Chapter 22 in M. Elfasi and I. Hrbek (ed.), Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century, pp. 616-642. (Vol. III, General History of Africa). UNESCO, University of California Press, and Heinemann, 1988. “Between the Coast and the Great Lakes.” Chapter 19 in D. T. Niane (ed.), Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Centuries, pp. 481-497. (Vol. IV, General History of Africa). UNESCO, University of California Press, and Heinemann, 1984. (C. Ehret and D. Nurse) “The Taita Cushites,” Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 3 (1981): 125-168. (L. J. Wood and C. Ehret) “The Origins and Diffusions of the Market Institution in East Africa,” Journal of African Studies 5 (1978): 1-17. “Aspects of Social and Economic Change in Western Kenya, 500-1800.” Chapter 1 in B. A. Ogot (ed.), Kenya Before 1900, pp. 1-20. Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1977. (E. A. Alpers and C. Ehret) “Eastern Africa.” In Richard Grey (ed.), Cambridge History of Africa, Vol. 4 (1600-1790), pp. 469-536. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975. “The Nineteenth Century Roots of Economic Imperialism in Kenya,” Kenya Historical Review 2, 2 (1974): 279-283. (C. Ehret, T. Coffman, L. Fliegelman, A. Gold, M. Hubbard, D. Johnson, and D. E. Saxon) “Some Thoughts on the Early History of the Nile-Congo Watershed,” Ufahamu 5, 2 (1974): 85-112. “Cushites and the Highland and Plains Nilotes to 1800.” Chapter 8 in B. A. Ogot (ed.), Zamani: A Survey of East African History, new edition, pp. 150-169. London, Nairobi: Long¬mans, 1974 (this is a largely rewritten version of second item with this title) “Cushites and the Highland and Plains Nilotes.” Chapter 8 in B.A. Ogot and J. A. Kieran (ed.), Zamani: A Survey of East African History, pp. 158-176. London, Nai¬robi: Longmans and East Afri¬can Publishing House, 1968. HISTORY, NORTHEASTERN AFRICA “The Eastern Horn of Africa, 1000 BC to 1400 AD: The Historical Roots.” In A. J. Ahmed (ed.), The Invention of Somalia, pp. 233-262. Lawrenceville, NJ: The Red Sea Press, 1995. “Social Transformation in the Early History of the Horn of Africa: Linguistic Clues to Developments of the Period 500 BC to AD 500.” In Taddese Bayene (ed.), Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Vol. 1, pp. 639-651. Addis Ababa: Institute of Ethiopian Studies, 1988. “Cushitic Prehistory.” In M. L. Bender (ed.), The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia, pp. 85-96. East Lansing: Michigan State University, 1976. HISTORY, SAHARA AND SUDAN C. Ehret, “Linguistic Stratigraphies and Holocene History in Northeast¬ern Africa.” In Marek Chlodnicki and Karla Kroeper (ed.), Archaeology of Early Northeastern Africa (Posnan: Posnan Archaeological Museum, Studies in African Archaeology, Vol. 9), pp. 1019-1055. “The African Sources of Egyptian Culture and Language.” In Josep Cervelló (ed.), África Antigua. El Antiguo egipto, una civilizatión Africana, pp. 121-128. (Actas de la IXme Semana de Estudios Africanos del Centre D’estudis Africans de Barcelona.) “Sudanic Civilization.” Chapter 7 in Michael Adas (ed.), Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History, pp. 224-274. Philadelphia: Temple Univer¬sity Press, for the Ameri¬can Historical Association, 2001. “Who Were the Rock Artists? Linguistic Evidence for the Holocene Popula¬tion¬s of the Sahara.” In Alfred Muzzolini and Jean-Loïc Le Quellec (ed.), Symposium 13d: Rock Art and the Sahara. In Proceedings of the International Rock Art and Cognitive Archaeology Congress News 95. Turin: Centro Studie Museo d’Arte Prehistorica, 1999. Printout text, 16 pp. [Proceedings are published as a CD ROM: files, “ehret.htm”; “ehipa1.jpg”-“ehipa9.jpg”; “ehlist1.jpg”-“ehlist2.jpg” and ehlist1p.jpg”-“ehlist2.jpg”; “ehret1.jpg”-“ehret5.jpg” and “ehret1p.jpg”-“ehret5p.jpg”)] “Wer waren die Felsbildkünstler der Sahara?” Almogaren 30 (1999): 77-94. (Translation into German by Werner Pichler and Christiane Hintermann of preceding article.) “Nilo-Saharans and the Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic.” Chapter 6 in T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah, and A. Okpoko (ed.), The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, pp. 104-125. London: Routledge, 1993. “Population Movement and Culture Contact in the Southern Sudan, c. 3000 BC to AD 1000.” In J. Mack and P. Robertshaw (ed.), Culture History in the Southern Sudan, pp. 19-48. Memoire 8. Nairobi: British Institute in Eastern Africa, 1983. HISTORY, SOUTHERN AFRICA “Transformations in Southern African History: Proposals for a Sweeping Overview of Change and Development, 6000 BC to the present,” Ufahamu 25, 2 (1997): 54-80. “The First Spread of Food Production to Southern Africa.” Chapter 8 in C. Ehret and M. Posnansky (ed.), The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History, pp. 158-181. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982. (C. Ehret, M. Bink, T. Ginindza, E. Gottschalk, B. Hall, M. Hlatshwayo, D. Johnson, and R. L. Pouwels) “Outlining Southern African History, A Reconsideration, A.D. 100-1500,” Ufahamu 3, 2 (1972): pp. 9-27. HISTORY, EAST, CENTRAL, AND SOUTHERN AFRICA “Equatorial and Southern Africa, 4000 BCE-1100 CE.” In William H. McNeil, Jerry H. Bentley, David Christian, David Levison, J. R. McNeill, Heidi Roupp, and Judith P. Zinsser (eds.), Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History, Vol. 2, pp. 664-670. Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire Publishing Group, 2005. HISTORY, AFRICAN AGRICULTURAL “East African Words and Things: Agricultural Aspects of Economic Trans¬formation in the Nineteenth Century.” In B. A. Ogot (ed.), Kenya in the Nineteenth Century (Hadith 8), pp. 152-172. Nairobi: Historical Association of Kenya, 1985. “Historical/Linguistic Evidence for Early African Food Production.” Chapter 3 in J. D. Clark and S. Brandt (ed.), From Hunters to Farmers, pp. 26-35. Berkeley, Los Ange¬les: Univer¬sity of California Press, 1984. “Agricultural History in Central and Southern Africa, ca. 1000 BC to AD 500,” Transafrican Journal of History 4, 1/2 (1974): 1-25. “Sheep and Central Sudanic Peoples in Southern Africa,” Journal of African History 9 (1968): 213-221. “Cattle-Keeping and Milking in Eastern and Southern African History: The Linguistic Evidence,” Journal of African History 8 (1967): 1-17. HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS, GENERAL “Stratigraphy in African Historical Linguistics.” In Henning Andersen (ed.), Language Contacts in Prehistory: Studies in Stratigraphy, pp. 107-114. Amsterdam, Philadel¬phia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2003. “Nostratic—or Proto-Human?” Chapter 4 in C. Renfrew and D. Nettle (ed.), Nostratic: Examining a Linguistic Macrofamily, pp. 93-112. Cambridge: The McDonald Institute for Archae¬ological Research, 1999. AFROASIATIC HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS “The Nilo-Saharan Background of Chadic.” Chapter 4 in Paul Newman and Larry Hyman (ed.), West African Linguistics: Studies in Honor of Russell G. Schuh, pp. 56-66. Studies in African Linguistics, Suppl. 11. Columbus: Ohio State University, 2006. “The Third Consonants in Ancient Egyptian.” In Gabor Takacz (ed.), Egyptian and Semito-Hamitic (Afro-Asiatic) Studies in Memoriam W. Vycichl, pp. 33-54. Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics, Vol. XXXIX. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2003. “Third Consonants in Chadic Verbal Roots.” In M. Lionel Bender, Gabor Takacz, and David Appleyard (ed.), Selected Comparative-Historical Afrasian Linguistic Studies: In Memory of Igor Diakonoff, pp. 61-69. LINCOM Studies in Afro-Asiatic Linguistics 14. München, LINCOM Europa, 2003. * “Revising the Consonant Inventory of Proto-Eastern Cushitic,” Studies in African Linguistics 22, 3 (1991): 211-275. * “The Origins of Third Consonants in Semitic Roots: An Internal Reconstruc¬tion (Applied to Arabic),” Journal of Afroasiatic Languages 3, 2 (1989): 109-202. C. Ehret, E. D. Elderkin, and D. Nurse, “Dahalo Lexis,” Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 18 (1989): 5-49 * “Proto-Cushitic Reconstruction,” Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 8 (1987): 7-180. * (C. Ehret and M. N. Ali) “Soomaali Classification.” In T. Labahn (ed.), Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Somali Studies (Hamburg, August, 1983), Vol. 1, pp. 201-269. Ham¬burg: Buske Verlag, 1985. “Omotic and the Subclassification of the Afroasiatic Language Family.” In R. Hess (ed.), Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, pp. 51-62. Chicago: University of Illinois, 1980. BANTU AND NIGER-KORDOFANIAN HSTORICAL LINGUISTICS “Bantu Expansions: Re-envisioning a Central Problem of Early African History,” and “Christopher Ehret Responds,” International Journal of African Historical Studies 34, 1 (2001): 5-41 and 82-87. (Pp. 42-81 consist of responses to the article from 14 schol¬ars of African history, linguistics, and archaeology.) “Is Krongo After All a Niger-Congo Language?” In R. Vossen, A. Mietzner, and A. Meissner (ed.), “Mehr als nur Worte. . .”: Afrikanistische Beiträge zum 65. Geburtstag von Franz Rottland, pp. 225-237. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 2000. * “Subclassifying Bantu: The Evidence of Stem Morpheme Innovation.” In L. Hyman and J.-M. Hombert (ed.), Bantu Historical Linguistics: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives. pp. 43-147. Stanford, California: Center for the Study of Language and Informa¬tion, 1999). “Bantu Origins: Critique and Interpretation,” Transafrican Journal of History 2, 1 (1972): 1-9. NILO-SAHARAN HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS “Language Contacts in Nilo-Saharan Prehistory.” In Henning Andersen (ed.), Language Contacts in Prehistory: Studies in Stratigraphy, pp. 135-157. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2003. “Do Krongo and Shabo Belong in Nilo-Saharan?” In R. Nicolai and F. Rottland (ed.), Fifth Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, Nice 24-29 Août 1992. Actes/Proceedings, pp. 169-193. Cologne: Rudiger Köppe Verlag, 1995. “Subclassification of Nilo-Saharan: A Proposal.” In M. L. Bender (ed.), Topics in Nilo-Saharan Linguistics, pp. 35-49. Hamburg: Buske, 1989. “Nilotic and the Limits of Eastern Sudanic: Classificatory and Historical Conclusions.” In R. Vossen and M. Bechhaus-Gerst (ed.), Nilotic Studies, Part 2, pp. 377-421. Berlin: Reimer, 1983. “Revising Proto-Kuliak,” Afrika und Übersee 64 (1981): 81-100. “The Classification of Kuliak.” In T. Schadeberg and M. L. Bender (ed.), Nilo-Saharan, pp. 269-289. Dordrecht: Foris Publications, 1981. “The Nilotic Languages.” Chapter 3 in E. Polome and C. P. Hill (ed.), Language in Tanzania, pp. 68-78. London: International African Institute, 1980. KHOESAN HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS “Toward Reconstructing Proto-South Khoisan (PSAK),” Mother Tongue 8 (2003): 65-81. “Proposals on Khoisan Reconstruction,” Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 7, 2 (1986): 105-130. LINGUISTICS AND GENETICS (Elizabeth T. Wood, Daryn A. Stover, C. Ehret, Giovanni Destro-Bisol, Gabriella Spedini, Howard McLeod, Leslie Louie, Mike Bamshad, Beverley I. Strassmann, Himla Soodyall, and Michael F. Hammer) “Contrasting Patterns of Y Chromosome and mtDNA Variation in Africa: Evidence for Sex-biased Demographic Processes.” European Journal of Human Genetics, April 2005, pp. 1-10. SHORT RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS “Ancient Egyptian as an African Language, Egypt as an African Culture.” In T. Celenko (ed.), Egypt in Africa, pp. 25-27. Indianapolis: Indianapolis Museum of Art and Indi¬ana University Press, 1996. (C. Ehret, S. O. Y. Keita, and Paul Newman) “The Origins of Afroasiatic,” Science 306 (3 December 2004): 1680-1681. ENCYCLOPEDIA EDITORSHIPS Thomas J. Sienkiwicz (ed.). Editorial Board: Lawrence Allan Conrad, North America; Geoffrey Conrad, South America; Christopher Ehret, Africa; David A. Crain, Mesoamerica; Katherine Anne Harper, South and South¬east Asia; Robert D. Haak, Egypt, Meso¬potamia, Near East; Chenyang Li, East Asia; Thomas H. Watkins, Greece, Rome, Europe. Encyclopedia of the Ancient World, 3 vols. Pasadena: Salem Press, 2002. Mark W. Chavalas (ed.). Consulting editors: Mark S. Aldendorfer, Carole A. Barrett, Jeffrey W. Dippmann, Christopher Ehret, Katherine Anne Harper. The Ancient World, 2 vols. (Series: Great Events from History.) Pasadena: Salem Press, 2004. **** now Blench: (1982) Social structure and the evolution of language boundaries in Nigeria. Cambridge Anthropology, 7,3:19-30. (1986) The Evolution of the Nupe cultigen repertoire. Festschrift für Professor C. Hoffman. ed. F. Rottland, Helmut Buske, Hamburg (1987b) A revision of the Index of Nigerian Languages. Nigerian Field, 52:77-84. (1989a) Nupoid. In: The Niger-Congo Languages. J. Bendor-Samuel. ed. 305-322. Lanham: University Press of America. 1989b) New Benue-Congo: a definition and proposed internal classification. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 17: 115-47 (1990) [w. D. Zeitlyn] A web of words. Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika, 10/11:171-186. 1992) Recent research in the prehistory of Bantu languages. In: Datation et chronologie dans le bassin du Lac Tchad. ed. D. Barreteau. 147-160. Paris: ORSTOM. 1993a) Recent developments in African language classification and their implications for prehistory. In The Archaeology of Africa. Food, Metals and Towns eds. Shaw, T., Sinclair, P., Andah, B. and Okpoko, A. 126-138. London: Routledge. (1993b) Ethnographic and linguistic evidence for the prehistory of African ruminant livestock, horses and ponies. In: The Archaeology of Africa. Food, Metals and Towns. eds. Shaw, T., Sinclair, P., Andah, B. and Okpoko, A. 71-103. London: Routledge. 1993c) Is Kordofanian the Omotic of Niger-Congo? Mother Tongue, 19, 33. (1993d) An Introduction to the classification of Mambiloid languages. Journal of West African Languages, XXIII (1):105-118. (1995a) A History of Domestic Animals in Northeastern Nigeria. Cahiers de Science Humaine, 31, 1:181-238. ORSTOM, Paris. 1995b) The Work of N.W. Thomas as Government Anthropologist in Nigeria. Nigerian Field, 60:20-28. 1995c) [with S. Longtau] Tarok Ophresiology. pp. 340-344 in Issues in African Languages and Linguistics: Essays in Honour of Kay (1995d) Is Niger-Congo simply a branch of Nilo-Saharan? In: Proceedings of the Fifth Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium. eds. R. Nicolai and F. Rottland. 83-130. Köln: Köppe Verlag. # (1996a) Evidence for the inception of agriculture in the Nigeria-Cameroun borderland. pp. 83-102. In The Growth of Farming communities in Africa from the Equator southwards. ed. J.E.G. Sutton. Azania special Volume XXIX-XXX. Nairobi: BIEA. # (1996b) Report on the Tarokoid languages. Iatiku, 3:14-15. # (1997a) [with K. Williamson & B. Connell] The Diffusion of Maize in Nigeria: a Historical and Linguistic Investigation. SUGIA, XIV:19-46. Köln. # (1997b). Language studies in Africa. In Encyclopaedia of precolonial Africa. J.O. Vogel (ed.) 90-100. Walnut Creek/London/New Delhi: Altamira. # (1997d) Crabs, turtles and frogs: linguistic keys to early African subsistence systems. In: Archaeology and Language, I. eds. R.M. Blench and M. Spriggs. 166-183. London: Routledge. # (1997e) The papers of Roland Stevenson. Nilo-Saharan Newsletter. N.S. 1:3-16. # (1998a) The diffusion of New World Cultigens in Nigeria. In: Plantes et paysages d’Afrique. 165-210. M. Chastenet. ed. Paris: Karthala. # (1998b) The status of the languages of Central Nigeria. In: Brenzinger, M. ed. Endangered languages in Africa. 187-206. Köln: Köppe Verlag. # (1998c) Recent fieldwork in Nigeria: Report on Horom and Tapshin. Ogmios, 9:10-11. # (1999a) Are the African Pygmies an ethnographic fiction? In: Central African hunter-gatherers in a multi-disciplinary perspective: challenging elusiveness. K. Biesbrouck, S. Elders & G. Rossel eds. 41-60. Leiden: CNWS. # (1999b) Hunter-gatherers, conservation and development: from prejudice to policy reform. Natural Resource Briefing Paper 43. London: Overseas Development Institute. http://www.odi.org.uk/odi/nrp/43.html. # (1999c) The westward wanderings of Cushitic pastoralists. In: L’Homme et l’animale dans le Bassin du Lac Tchad. C. Baroin & J. Boutrais eds. 39-80. Paris: IRD. # (1999d). General introduction. In: Archaeology and Language, IV. eds. R.M. Blench and M. Spriggs. London: Routledge. # (1999e) The languages of Africa: macrophyla proposals and implications for archaeological interpretation. In: Archaeology and Language, IV. eds. R.M. Blench and M. Spriggs. London: Routledge. # (1999f) Language phyla of the Indo-Pacific region: recent research and classification. Indo-Pacific Prehistory Bulletin, 18: 59-76. # (1999g) Field trip to record the status of some little-known Nigerian languages. Ogmios, 11:11:14. # (1999h) Recent fieldwork in Ghana: Report on Dompo and a note on Mpre. Ogmios, 11:14-15. # (2000a) with K. Williamson. Niger-Congo. In: African languages: an introduction. B. Heine & D. Nurse eds. 11-42. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. # (2000b) Combining different sources of evidence for the history of African livestock. In: The origin and development of African livestock. R.M. Blench & K.C. MacDonald eds. 18-27. London: University College Press. # (2000c) Revising Plateau. In: Proceedings of 2nd WOCAL, Ekkehard Wolff & O. Gensler eds. 159-174. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. # (2000d) Transitions in Izere nominal morphology and implications for the analysis of Plateau languages. In: A. Meißner & A. Storch (eds.) Nominal classification in African languages. Frankfurter Afrikanische Blätter, 12:7-28. # (2001a) Types of language spread and their archaeological correlates: the example of Berber. In: Origini, XXIII: 169-190. # (2001b) Nupe children’s songs and singing games. In: Von Ägypten zum Tschadsee: eine linguistische Reise durch Afrika. D. Ibriszimow, R. Leger & U. Seibert (eds.) 67-77. Würzburg: Ergon Verlag. # (2002) Besprechungsartikel. The classification of Nilo-Saharan. Afrika und Übersee, 83:293-307. # (2003a) Why reconstructing comparative Ron is so problematic. In: Topics in Chadic Linguistics. Papers from the 1st Biennial International Colloquium on the Chadic Language Family (Leipzig, July 5-8, 2001). H. Ekkehard Wolff (ed.) 21-42. Köln: Rudiger Köppe. # (2003b) Plural verb morphology in Vagla. Cahiers Voltaïques / Gur Papers VI (2003): 17-31. Bayreuth. # (2004a) Archaeology and Language: methods and issues. In: A Companion To Archaeology. J. Bintliff ed. 52-74. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. # (2004b) The É?Boze [Buji] language and the movement for literacy. Ogmios, #24:11-12. # (2004c) The situation of endangered languages in the Sudan and some notes on Kufo. Ogmios, #24:10-11. # (2004d) with J.G. Nengel. Notes on the Seni people and language with an addendum on Ziriya. Ogmios, #24:12-13. # (2005a) From the mountains to the valleys: understanding ethnolinguistic geography in SE Asia. In: The peopling of East Asia. Sagart, L. Blench, R.M. & A. Sanchez-Mazas (eds.) 31-50. London: Routledge. # (2005b) Fruits and arboriculture in the Indo-Pacific region. BIPPA, 24:31-50. Books * 1992. Crozier, D.H. and Blench, R.M. An Index of Nigerian Languages. Abuja: Language Development Centre, Ilorin: University of Ilorin, Dallas: SIL. ISBN 0-88312-611-7 * 1997. Blench, R.M. & M.Spriggs eds. Archaeology and Language I : theoretical and methodological orientations. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-11760-7 * 1998. Blench, R.M. & M.Spriggs eds. Archaeology and Language II: correlating archaeological and linguistic hypotheses. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-11761-5 * 1999a. Blench, R.M. & M.Spriggs eds. Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts, languages, and texts. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10054-2 * 1999b. Blench, R.M. & M.Spriggs eds. Archaeology and Language, IV: language change and cultural transformation. London: Routledge. 0-415-11786-0 * 2005. L.Sagart, Blench, R.M. & A. Sanchez-Mazas eds. The peopling of East Asia. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32242-1 * 2006 Blench R. M. Archaeology, Lnaguage, and the African Past. New York: Altamira Press [/QB][/QUOTE]
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