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[QUOTE]Originally posted by alTakruri: [QB] Posted earlier, now zoomed and edited, this map shows a pre-historic route to Lake Chad from the Upper Nile Valley. [IMG]http://img254.imageshack.us/img254/9818/niletschadtraderoutes.gif[/IMG] The same route in hemi-continental perspective probably goes back at least to the Sudan Neolithic and last Green Sahara phases. [IMG]http://img822.imageshack.us/img822/5697/niletschadnigermap.jpg[/IMG] The eastern terminals Dongola/Sennar to Darfur and Kordofan and then on to Lake Tschad and from there most likely up to Bilma for the track to the Niger's Bend and terminating at the Senegal may have some relation to the spread of the Niger-Kordofanian super phylum. That is the "Sahel Route" established from times pre-historic and still in use today. It would've been used by Classical African Civilization folk to travel for trade or migration to West Africa. [IMG]http://img202.imageshack.us/img202/7502/routestransahariennesan.jpg[/IMG] The part of this route as far as Lake Tschad may also have to do with the two Afrisan phyla Chadic and Tamazight and maybe the Nilo-Saharan super phyum. [IMG]http://img5.imageshack.us/img5/1448/westboundprotoafrisans.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]http://img600.imageshack.us/img600/6665/chadicblench.gif[/IMG] This is something showing the role of the Sahel in the transfer of people, language, and culture from the Middle Nile to the Lake Tschad Basin based on [b]Roger Blench[/b][i] The Westward Wanderings of Cushitic Pastoralists: Explorations in the Prehistory of Central Africa[/i] in Baroin C, Boutrais J, (eds) L'homme et L'animal dans le Bassin du Lac Tchad Paris: 1999 39:80 A - The "Inter-Saharan Hypothesis" (p.70) 1). Tentative Historical Implications * Cushitic and Chadic share a lexicon of common domestic animal names, numerals, and body parts. This puts them in a special relationship vis a vis Egyptian-Semitic-Tamazight (Ehrets "North Afroasiatic -- 1995). The link results from Cushitics migrating westward. Cattle, goats, sheep and possibly donkeys, dogs, pigs, and guinea-fowl accompanied the migrants. * The distance presents no problem since gradual migration of pastoralists over great expanses is evidenced by the Fulani spreading from Senegal to Sudan this past millenia. Also, Shuwa "Arabs" made a Nile Valley to Lake Tschad migration. * Nilo-Saharan speakers eliminated the Chadic languages once spoken in a strip across Sudan. A few Chadic lects, like Kujarke, linger in the west of Sudan. 2). Archaeological Correlations * The so-called Leiterband pottery tradition is thought to spring from the Khartoum Neolithic. Sites having the pottery found in the Eastern Sahara at the Wadi Howar between the Nile Valley and Eastern Chad also have pits burying complete cattle skeletons. Fish bones indicate a diet similar todays Nilotics like the Dinka combining pastoralism with fishing. * The Wadi Howar's west end leads to the Ennedi and Biltine region of mountains. There is a pass between the two which would have served the wandering pastoralists. Other side the pass another wadi takes up, the Wadi Hawach, which is followed by more and littler wadis clear to Lake Tschad. * Rather than a planned timely migration the scenario is rather one of westward seeping transhumance maybe beginning in Ethiopia between 4000 and 3000 BCE. The Khartoum Neolithic began roughly 3700 BCE and the spread along the Wadi Howar about 2000 BCE. = = = [IMG]http://img252.imageshack.us/img252/4862/saharamap.jpg[/IMG] Above is the map I simplified and added the red undercores to, and on which you can follow the rest of the route from Kukiya on to the Senegal as well as see all the major historic trade routes from the Savannah to the Meditteranean and from the Red Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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