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Yam an expansive kingdom
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Tukuler: [QB] [QUOTE] [b]Sai Island[/b] [i] about 100 miles north of the Third Cataract of the Nile (and about 470 km. south of Aswan) [/i] Here is the site of a large Neolithic settlement (dating probably from about [b]5000-4000 B.C.[/b]); the evidence for this was revealed in aerial photographs shown at a meeting in Lille, France, in 1994. By now it has probably been partly excavated. This would seem to be the largest, earliest "city" known in Africa (including Egypt). Here, too, is the site of a large Bronze Age town, probably dating as early as 2500 B.C. [b]It [i]may[/i] have been the capital of the "Kingdom of Yam" mentioned in Egyptian documents of the Sixth Dynasty.[/b] By about 2000 B.C. it seems to have been part of the early kingdom of Kush, centered at Kerma, and it remained probably the chief northern city of that state (ca. 2000-1500 B.C.), until conquered by the Egyptian pharaohs in early Dynasty 18. It was evidently called "Sha'a" (from which the modern name Sai derives); it had its own kings, whose tombs lay on the west side of the townsite and which are surrounded by hundreds of other smaller tombs. After it was conquered by the Egyptians, it became the site of an Egyptian fort and town until the Egyptians withdrew northward from the region about 1150 B.C. Excavator: Francis Geus, Lille, France [/QUOTE]. But does Geus vacillate? [QUOTE] Wawat, Irtjet, Zatjou, [b]Kaau[/b] and [b]Yam[/b]. Whatever the precise extension and location of those territorial units, their existence seems all the more indisputable since Herkhouf, who apparently traveled at least four times through Nubia, explains in his biography how, on his third journey, he had to pacify the ruler of Yam who was chasing the desert Temehu, how, on his second journey, Zatjou and Irtjet had the same ruler whom he visited in his residence, and how, on its third journey, Irtjet, Zatjou and Wawat had unified under the authority of one ruler whose threat he had to face, with success thanks to an escort provided to him by the ruler of Yam (Roccati 1982 : 187-220). It also appears from Herkhouf's account that [b]Yam[/b] was not only the southernmost of those territorial units but that it was for the Egyptians their favored trading partner. This is why, at the light of what is now known of the archaeology of the Kerma basin, [b]most scholars agree to identify it to Kerma and its territory[/b], and to locate the four other units north of it. Trying to evaluate their territorial limits would be too debatable (supra), but it seems reasonable to think that Wawat, Irtjet and Zatjou shared a territory covering the former A-Group area and to suggest that [URL=http://underscore][b]Kaau[/b] was centered around [b]Sai[/b] island, which archaeological remains (Geus 1996) and later inscriptions point out as a major centre at that time[/URL]. [b]Francis Geus[/b] [i]The Middle Nile Valley from Later Prehistory to the end of the New Kingdom[/i] Tenth International Conference of the International Society for Nubian Studies September 9-14, 2002 - Rome, Italy [/QUOTE] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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