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1- Basic database of Nile Valley studies
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova: [QB] [IMG]http://www.fao.org/News/2000/img/horn-e.gif[/IMG] [b]While the ancient Horn of Africa, like other places near water or land transport routes has always had some smattering of migration, this is nothing special. Archaeological data shows no sweeping mass migration or cultural revolutions from non-Africans into the ancient Horn of Africa.[/b] QUOTE: "However, more recent archaeological research shows that non-African influences in the HOA [Horn of Africa] were limited and transient. Of the early first millennium BCE inscriptions in non-African scripts complete enough to identify a language, only a small proportion are written in a non-African (South Arabian) language - the majority are written in indigenous proto-Ge’ez [24]. In the HOA, architecture with non-African (primarily South Arabian) elements is entirely monumental or ritual [25] and ritual items with exclusively non-African elements are rare [26]. There are few to no indications of non-African material culture in everyday objects: the ceramics and lithics found outside of the ritual context are almost entirely indigenous with clear local precedents [24,25,27]. While earlier scholarship conceived of a South Arabian origin D’MT polity with sovereignty over much of the northern HOA, it is now clear that this polity, if it ever existed at all as an integrated state [24], was geographically restricted to the regions around Yeha and Aksum in what is now the Tigray region of Ethiopia [25]. Artifacts with non-African features are effectively absent in the material culture (ritual or otherwise) of contemporaneous populations in the Eritrean highlands on the Asmara plateau (the ‘‘Ancient Ona’’) [25,28,29]. Prior to the first millennium BC, the archaeology of the HOA is less well studied, but what is available shows no substantial non-African material culture beyond trade relations [25]. Taken all together, the archaeological data could be consistent with limited non-African (primarily South Arabian) migration into the north Ethiopian highlands at the outset of the first millennium BCE, but cannot support large-scale population movements from any foreign population." --Hodgson, et al 2014. Early Back-to-Africa Migration into the Horn of Africa. PLOS Genetics, Vol 10, Iss 6 [/QB][/QUOTE]
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