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1- Basic database of Nile Valley studies
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova: [QB] [IMG]http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/europe/iberian.gif[/IMG] [b]Modern DNA studies show ancient African movement to, and presence in ancient Iberia (Spain) going back to the Mesolithic, long before any Roman Empire, or colonial slave trade era.[/b] Over the sands and far away: Interpreting an Iberian mitochondrial lineage with ancient Western African origins- QUOTE. OBJECTIVES: There is an ongoing effort to characterize the genetic links between Africa and Europe, mostly using lineages and haplotypes that are specific to one continent but had an ancient origin in the other. Mitochondrial DNA has been proven to be a very useful tool for this purpose since a high number of putatively European-specific variants of the African L* lineages have been defined over the years. Due to their geographic locations, Spain and Portugal seem to be ideal places for searching for these lineages. METHODS: Five members of a minor branch of haplogroup L3f were found in recent DNA samplings in the region of Asturias (Northern Spain), which is known for its historical isolation. The frequency of L3f in this population (˜1%) is unexpectedly high in comparison with other related lineages in Europe. Complete mitochondrial DNA sequencing of these L3f lineages, as well phylogenetic and phylogeographic comparative analyses have been performed. RESULTS: The L3f variant found in Asturias seems to constitute an Iberian-specific haplogroup, distantly related to lineages in Northern Africa and with a deep ancestry in Western Africa. Coalescent algorithms estimate the minimum arrival time as 8,000 years ago, and a possible route through the Gibraltar Strait. CONCLUSIONS: Results are concordant with a previously proposed Neolithic connection between Southern Europe and Western Africa, which might be key to the proper understanding of the ancient links between these two continents. -- Pardiñas et. al. 2014. Over the sands and far away: Interpreting an Iberian mitochondrial lineage with ancient Western African origins. Am J Hum Biol. 2014 Aug 11 [IMG]https://robertlindsay.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/first-european.jpg[/IMG] [b]Move Iberian studies..[/b] [Eng] The origins of European populations have been addressed from various disciplines, highlighting the contribution of population genetics studies. Shuffle two moments in prehistory in which it has been possible to model the gene pool of European populations: the spread of Neolithic and Upper Paleolithic expansions. The ability to retrieve genetic information from past [b]populations provides a unique opportunity to spot check the hypotheses from other disciplines[/b]. We studied 197 dental and bone samples of 115 individuals from 17 archaeological sites and Sumerian Neolithic Near East, Nubia Meroitic era and paleolithic, neolithic and post-Neolithic in the Iberian Peninsula. We obtained complete mitochondrial DNA sequences of 244 bp from [b]35 different individuals [/b]were compared with sequences from the same region of current individuals 38 European populations, African and Middle East. In phylogenetic reconstructions based on the distance of Reynolds ancient samples groups are grouped together, away from the extant populations. However, phylogenetic reconstructions made from haplotypes old and new samples illustrates that, although [b]most ancient mitochondrial variants are not present in current populations sampled [/b]can relate to more or less closely with them. The [b]composition of haplotypes and haplogroups of ancient samples from Middle East and the Iberian Peninsula differs markedly from that found in the current populations of these geographic regions[/b]. In the old sample of middle eastern absence of mitochondrial haplogroups J, U3, W and X, related to the expansion of the Neolithic into Europe. This [b]may be due either to the ancient samples analyzed is not representative-chronologically or geographically-populations that expanded Middle East during the Neolithic [/b]well that these variants were not introduced to Europe during the Neolithic. In the old sample of the [b][u]Iberian Peninsula highlights the presence of a 50% sub-Saharan lines[/u][/b]. These [b]lines may have been introduced during the Solutrean, the Mesolithic or Neolithic[/b]. This paper also examined several technical aspects of obtaining authentic ancient DNA and the influence of several variables on the preservation of genetic material." --Fernandez et al. 2005. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in ancient populations of the Mediterranean basin [/QB][/QUOTE]
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