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[QUOTE]Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova: [QB] True what you say. I have read Williams. His solutions section is candid and his call for unity against a common foe is as relevant then as it is now, based on certain situations prevailing at present. Likewise his blunt exposure of the open or veiled supremacist agendas of that foe, whether it be in the history books, or political battlefields. There are several points that modern data calls into question. He says for example that Africa's geography made it easier for various invaders to conquer it, but this is not necessarily so. Africa's great rivers are unnavigable for large stretches, with many cliffs, cataracts, sandbars and rapids, unlike the easy transport routes moving technology, material and knowledge on many great rivers of Eurasia. It took the steamships of the 19th century to finally overcome many of these problems. Likewise Africa's relatively smooth coastline means a lack of good natural harbors- unlike the massive number of such harbors in Europe. Such easy transport factors made conquest of parts of Europe much easier as well as enabled Europeans to massively borrow and copy technology and knowledge from outside EUrope. Writing for example was not invented in Europe, nor the key animal and plant domestications, etc etc. Europeans benefited massively by importing knowledge, people and tech from outside. This is part of why Egypt could never be the hegemon equivalent of Rome or Greece in Africa. Compare the broad transmission belt of the MEditerranean, or the easy navigation of so many of Europe's great rivers, to the chopped up, blocked Nile as just one example. Rome could move tens of thousands of troops, grain, weapons, material etc from Syria to Spain at will, using the Mediterranean, over 2000 miles of easy, straight-shot water transport. Egypt had no such advantages in Africa- and aside from the problems with the Nile it was surrounded by hundreds of miles of inhospitable desert, which by the way served as a protective barrier. Africa's Sahara likewise was a barrier in many ways to easy conquest and slowed down Arab incursions and imperialism somewhat- though not totally stopped them. The list can go on. Nevertheless that is the nature of knowledge. It doesn't stand still, and those coming after must take up the torch. And of course Williams had to work with the info he had at hand, at the time - heavily 1960s, with some early 70s stuff. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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