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[QUOTE]Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova: [QB] tropical adaptation [IMG]http://rapmodels.net/photos/Sasha-Shelton-leaning-against-a-red-wall-showing-off-her-booty-in-black-and-white-lingerie.jpg[/IMG] recap archive- [b]Tropical African associate with body breadth in numerous ways: [/b] a) Millennia of adaptation in the cool, monsoon-swept Sahara when it was a lush greenbelt before its arid phase, AND millennia of adaptation in the cool subtropical Medit zone of Egypt b) Millennia as pioneers and operators advanced food production and forms of agriculture. These two factors cover the bases. No "Mediterraneans" or "Middle Easterners" are needed to give the natives diversity in body mass. in addition Africa's built in diversity also more than covers all bases: (a) The vast built-in genetic diversity of Africa home of modern humanity- with the most genetic diversity on the planet (b) Continual movement of numerous variants and blends of tropical African peoples and tribes out of the Saharan zone, East Africa etc into the Nile Valley. Mass influxes of "Middle Easterners" or bogus "Mediterraneans" are not needed to give tropical Africans diversity. Such outsiders were always present, particularly in the later stages but did not significantly affect the fundamental, overall core population for millennia. [b]Some data indicates that the Badari folk and the earlier Nile Valley folk were WORLD PIONEERS AND LEADERS in organized food production and some forms of agriculture, with the HIGHEST POPULATION DENSITIES ON THE PLANET for their time. If any people ought to show increases in body mass, they would be Exhibit A. [/b] QUOTE:[i] "With the onset of the Neolithic, the dietary diversity of hunter-gatherers is replaced with dietary specialization on one or a few cereal crops and the products of domestic animals... Increasing sedentism and population density are almost universally associated with increases in infectious disease.. and may underpin the the reduction in stature in the Predynastic period. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Badarian civilization had higher population density than did any other contemporaneous civilizations (Gabriel, 1987, Hassan 1988)." [/i] --Pinhasi and Stock 2011. Human Bioarchaelogy of the Transition to Agriculture [i] “The adoption of this broad adaptive strategy provided the large food supply needed by a growing population, but achieving maximum production called for a good deal of planning and the management of labour. This marks the beginning of an organized food-producing system: agriculture.” “Dating from more than 15,000 years ago, the evidence from the Nile valley is arguably the earliest comprehensive instance of an organized food-producing system known anywhere on Earth.”[/i] --Africa: A Biography of the Continent, by John Reader, 1998, pp. 120-173 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1095643302002945 [i ]Human body size and body proportions are interpreted as markers of ethnicity, ‘race,’ adaptation to temperature, nutritional history and socioeconomic status. Some studies emphasize only one of these indicators and other studies consider combinations of indicators. To better understand the biocultural nature of human size and proportions a new study of the growth of Maya-American youngsters was undertaken in 1999 and 2000. One purpose of this research is to assess changes in body proportion between Maya growing up in the US and Maya growing up in Guatemala. Height and sitting height of 6–12-year-old boys and girls (n=360) were measured and the sitting height ratio [sitting height/height]×100, a measure of proportion, was calculated. These data are compared with a sample of Maya of the same ages living in Guatemala and measured in 1998 (n=1297). Maya-American children are currently 10.24 cm taller, on average, and have a significantly lower sitting height ratio, (i.e. relatively longer legs, averaging 7.02 cm longer) than the Guatemala Maya. Maya-American children have body proportions more like those of white children in the US than like Maya children in Guatemala. Improvements in the environment for growth, in terms of nutrition and health, seem to explain both the trends in greater stature and relatively longer legs for the Maya-Americans. These findings are applied to the problem of modern human origins as assessed from fossil skeletons. It has been proposed that heat adapted, relatively long-legged Homo sapiens from Africa replaced the cold adapted, relatively short-legged Homo neandertalensis of the Levant and Europe [J Hum Evol 32 (1997a) 423]. Skeletal samples of Maya adults from rural Guatemala have body proportions similar to adult Neandertals and to skeletal samples from Europe with evidence of nutritional and disease stress. [i]Just as nutrition and health status explains the differences in the body proportions of living Maya children, these factors, along with adaptation to climate,[/i] may also explain much of the differences between the Neandertal and African hominid samples.[/i] --Boggin, et al. 2002. Rapid Change in Height and Body Proportions of Maya American CHildren. Amer Jour Hum Bio. 14:753-761 http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/35099/1/10092_ftp.pdf --------------- [b]What other info from Ehret, Bellwood, etc seems to tell us is that these people, and their predecessors, were storing, harvesting and processing grain for a long time, along with handling domestic animals. In short, they had millennia to undergo body mass increases from expanded food bases. [/b]Incorporation of Mid East domesticates only added to an ALREADY dense population and rich economic base. They had more than enough time to see a reduction in earlier foraging morphology toward more increases in body mass- millennia. Furthermore they had millennia in the Sahara and Nile Valley to adjust to the fluctuating climates, and cooler "Mediterranean" temperatures. That is why these groups did not all look like stereotypical (and distorted) "true" broad morphology. WHy should they after millennia in a more temperate zone, with increasing animal and plant domestication and sedentism in that zone? QUOTE:[i] "With the onset of the Neolithic, the dietary diversity of hunter-gatherers is replaced with dietary specialization on one or a few cereal crops and the products of domestic animals... Increasing sedentism and population density are almost universally associated with increases in infectious disease.. and may underpin the the reduction in stature in the Predynastic period. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Badarian civilization had higher population density than did any other contemporaneous civilizations (Gabriel, 1987, Hassan 1988)."[/i] --Pinhasi and Stock 2011. Human Bioarchaelogy of the Transition to Agriculture [b]and: if the Nile Valley folks were perhaps the first to have the most organized food production system then known on earth, doesn't that say that they had "the body mass thing" covered a long time ago? [/b] QUOTE: [i]“The adoption of this broad adaptive strategy provided the large food supply needed by a growing population, but achieving maximum production called for a good deal of planning and the management of labour. This marks the beginning of an organized food-producing system: agriculture.” “Dating from more than 15,000 years ago, the evidence from the Nile valley is arguably the earliest comprehensive instance of an organized food-producing system known anywhere on Earth.” [/i] --Africa: A Biography of the Continent, by John Reader, 1998, pp. 120-173 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [IMG]http://img88.imageshack.us/img88/6301/bodymass2agriculturebil.jpg[/IMG] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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