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Do some South Indians have Tropical limb ratios?
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Troll Patrol: [QB] RECAP FOR THE SLOW MINDED DIMWIT, WANNABE UNIVERSITY STUDENT!!! [i]Early Europeans, as recently as 6,000-9000 years ago, looked somewhat like Africans in terms of retained 'tropical' characteristics. Cold adaptation was to bring about several physical changes over time from the initial Out of Africa migrations to Europe. Retained traces of 'tropical' characteristics, indicate a "large African role in the origins of anatomically modern Europeans." (Holliday and Churchill 2003).[/i] —PN2 clade (E3) bearers in the vicinity of the Sudanese-Central African Republic -Ugandan-Kenyan region give rise to E3a ~ between 21 and 18 ky ago [pending additional or new info]; E3b-M35* would have likely arose relatively earlier than E3a*[as evidenced by its near absence in some the populations that carry this], sometime prior to the Ogolian and the LGM period. At this time, it was likely the M78 derivative that came about ~ between 19 and 15 ky ago. It was also likely during this period, that some E3b-M35 variants spilled over to the "southwest Asia", which would be identified as E-M34. The E-M78* likely arose somewhere in the bidirectional-migration route between Northeast and sub-Saharan East Africa; this location was likely in the region straddling upper Egypt and Sudan of the eastern Sahara, amongst earlier E-M35 migrants from sub-Saharan East Africa. These M78 bearers were increasingly pressured to move further south due to progressive aridity, possibly as far as Uganda-Kenya and/or Tanzanian general region. [IMG]http://i38.tinypic.com/11cgok4.jpg[/IMG] Here, we describe a system for the molecular dissection of haplogroup E-M78 (E1b1b1a), consisting of multiplex polymerase chain reaction and minisequencing of M78 and nine population-informative Y-SNPs (M148, M224, V12, [b]V13[/b], V19, V22, V27, V32, V65) in a single reaction. http://www.springerlink.com/content/907v531h2757w162/?MUD=MP [IMG]http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v17/n6/images/ejhg2008249f2.jpg[/IMG] Phylogeny of Y-chromosome haplogroups and their frequencies (%) in the examined populations. Nomenclature and haplogroup labelling according to the Y Chromosome Consortium (http://ycc.biosci.arizona.edu/) updated according to Karafet et al. 32 *Paragroups: Y chromosomes not defined by any phylogenetic downstream-reported and -examined mutation. aIntrapopulation haplogroup diversity. The terminal markers of haplogroups E-V12 and [b]E-V13 [/b](V32 and V27, respectively) were typed but did not show any variation. [IMG]http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v17/n6/images/ejhg2008249f4.jpg[/IMG] Frequency (left) and variance (right) distributions of the main Y-chromosome haplogroups, I-M423, [b]E-V13 [/b] and J-M241, observed in this survey. Frequency data are reported in Figure 2, variance data are relative to the examined microsatellite reported in the Supplementary Table S2. We acknowledge that interpolated spatial frequency surfaces should be viewed with caution because of sample size.41 Data from this study. Frequency and variance values were assigned to sample-collection places (dots). Population samples (geographically close) with less than five observations were pooled and the corresponding variance assigned to a middle position of the pooled sample locations. +Data from the literature.13, 23, 27, 28, 36, 45, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v17/n6/fig_tab/ejhg2008249ft.html [/QB][/QUOTE]
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