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The Peopling Of The Sahara During the Holocene/Green Sahara
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate: [QB] [IMG]http://i1079.photobucket.com/albums/w513/Amunratheultimate/Misc/DomesticationofCattleinAfricaMarshallHildebrand.png[/IMG] Distribution of Sites with Early Domestic Cattle in Africa from [i]Cattle Before Crops: The Beginnings of Food Production in Africa by Marshall and Hildebrand[/i] Link:[URL=http://anthropology.artsci.wustl.edu/files/anthropology/imce/Marshall_and_Hildebrand_2002.pdf]Cattle Before Crops: The Beginnings of Food Production in Africa[/URL] This is another great map. Clearly, the domestication of cattle happened in the Sahara-Sahel-Nile belt. From the document we got: -Bir Kiseiba 9500 BP -Nabta Playa 8840 BP -Enneri Bardague (Tibesti) 7400BP -Acarus 7400-6700 BP -Nile Valley: No early domestication of cattle Here's some interesting quotes from the document: [QUOTE] After being deserted during the last glacial maximum, the Sahara was repopulated c. 9500 BP by hunter-gatherers who used ceramics with distinctive wavy-line decorative motifs. This [b]cultural complex[/b] , scattered across North Africa, is variously referred to as Khartoum Mesolithic (Arkell, 1949), Epipaleolithic (Close, 1995), or Aqualithic (Sutton, 1977). [/QUOTE]We're talking about a cultural complex. The Sahara-Sahel-Nile one, during the Green Sahara. [QUOTE] With concepts of ownership based on storage facilities and ceramics, some of these groups in the central and southern Sahara probably followed a delayed-return strategy of hunting and gathering (Barich, 1998; Dale et al., in press; Di Lernia, 2001). [/QUOTE]Description of the people of the Sahara-Sahel-Nile Complex during the Green Sahara. [QUOTE] Archaeological evidence suggests that cattle were domesticated in the eastern Sahara during the tenth millennium BP. Nabta, located in the driest part of the Sahara, received too little rainfall at this time (less than 300mmp. a.) to sustain wild cattle. Domestication probably took place slightly farther west, in areas capable of supporting cattle. [/QUOTE]Obviously within the Sahara-Sahel-Nile belt. [QUOTE] Ritual use of cattle may also have provided a specific context in which scheduled consumption would have been especially desirable. [...] Rituals associated with cattle may have occurred at seasonal meetings of pastoral groups or lineages, and helped to consolidate emerging social and political networks. [/QUOTE]Descriptive of the culture. Notice the concept of seasonal meetings of pastoral ethnic groups or lineages. Those regional ceremonial centers are still used today by many Sahelian and sub-Saharan pastoralists. Showing one aspect of the interactions and exchange systems between the population of the Sahara-Sahel-Nile cultural complex. [QUOTE] Like the “perfect storm,” the precise conditions that precipitated domestication occurred rarely in North Africa. They converged during the tenth millennium in areas of the eastern Sahara that were wet enough for wild cattle but dry enough to be risky, and were populated by hunter-gatherers with social organization conducive to resource intensification [Edit:delayed return hunter-gatherers with storage technology (ceramics) and concepts of ownership]. Archaeological, genetic, and climatic evidence together suggest that domestic cattle spread from a point origin—perhaps a small playa near the Jebel Marra massif in northwest Sudan, or east of the Tibesti in northeastern Chad— during the tenth–ninth millennium BP. [/QUOTE]Northwest Sudan, Northeastern Chad. Again part of the Sahara-Sahel-Nile belt. Culture description. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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