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Nubian aDNA: what the hell is stopping ES members from claiming CL Fox 1997?
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova: [QB] Originally posted by Troll Patrol: [b]In older studies the author Holliday TW. clearly shows that Africans, historically, overall are tropical adapted. Whereas Arabs and Europeans aren't. Raxter also indirectly stated the same, by implying they became "quickly tropical" thou I think she had different intentions. LOL[/b] ^The new post cranial proxy data again casts doubt on the recent claims of Raxter. It is using post cranial proxies as a stand in for direct limb measurements and this might not be as strong as direct limb data, but the overall pattern confirms previous studies, which did use direct limb measurement data. [IMG]http://img109.imageshack.us/img109/261/yx58.jpg[/IMG] RECAP for new readers: [b]Better nutrition does not necessariy mean intensive sedentary agriculture. Better foraging and resources bases can boost nutrition as well. In the Nile Valley, a substantial, mixed subsistence economy was long in place. The ancient Egyptian Badarian, who in numerous studies cluster with tropical Africans had a subbstantial population and resource base- reflecting rich subsistence foraging and haversting, not merely sedentary agriculture. Such mixed economies including harvesting of wild grains and tubers is an early development in Africa and the Nile Valley scholars show, without needing any outside settlers.[/b] QUOTE: "Here we demonstrate that this transition is also associated with a modest reduction and subsequent improvement in stature and body mass. This trend could be broadly interpreted in the context of models of relationship between body size and nutrition. In this case, the greater body size of early hunter-gatherers may reflect the benefit of broadly based hunting and gathering subsistence... Archaological evidence suggest that the Badarian civilization had higher population density than did other contemporaneous civilizations (Gabriel, 1987; Hassan 1988)." --Pihnasi and Stock (2011) Human Bioarchaeology of the Transition to Agriculture “The adoption of this broad adaptive strategy provided the large food supply needed by a growing population, but achieving maximum production called for a good deal of planning and the management of labour. This marks the beginning of an organized food-producing system: agriculture.” “Dating from more than 15,000 years ago, the evidence from the Nile valley is arguably the earliest comprehensive instance of an organized food-producing system known anywhere on Earth.” --Africa: A Biography of the Continent, by John Reader, 1998, pp. 120-173 [b]The transition to better nutrition & agriculture is associated with increases in sexual dimorphism, a pattern also occurring in the studies of ancient Americans.[/b] Quote: "The OK possesses the highest SDS of all temporal groups, including individual Predynastic sites (Table 10; Figure 10). The greatest increase in SDS is thus from the Predyn to OK." --Raxter 2011. [b] -----New World data - same pattern associated with better nutrition not influxes of outsiders [/b] "Finally body mass has long been recognized as a morphological trait amongst humans that relates to ecogeographic patterns in association with climate (Holliday, 1997, Rull 1994). However, Auerbach (2007) found that the relationship between climatic factors and body mass amongst a broad sample of New World groups was inconsistent and may have been influenced by subsistence.. ..there is a similar trend amongst both males and females: the agriculturalists are taller and more massive, on the average. This is identical to patterns of diachronic change in stature documented using different samples from the southeast... There is also a coincident slight increase in sexual dimorphism among the agriculturalist samples, accompanied by a slight increase in overall variance in stature, body mass and bi-iliac breath.. In short, the long temporal perspective on the development of agriculture in the Southeast may be characterized by significant overall increases in body size for both males and females." -- Pinhasi and Stock (2011). Human Bioarchaeology of the Transition to Agriculture [b]A rich, indigenous foraging and harvesting strategy is old news in boosting better nutrition in ancient Africa.[/b] “The adoption of this broad adaptive strategy provided the large food supply needed by a growing population, but achieving maximum production called for a good deal of planning and the management of labour. This marks the beginning of an organized food-producing system: agriculture.” “Dating from more than 15,000 years ago, the evidence from the Nile valley is arguably the earliest comprehensive instance of an organized food-producing system known anywhere on Earth.” --Africa: A Biography of the Continent, J. Reader, 1998, 120-173 [b]Long native settlement- No mass influx of outsiders- [/b] QUOTE: “Furthermore, the archaeology of northern Africa does not support demic diffusion of farming from the Near East. The evidence presented by Wetterstrom indicates that early African farmers in the Fayum initially incorporated Near Eastern domesticates into an INDIGENOUS foraging strategy, and only over time developed a dependence on horticulture. This is inconsistent with in-migrating farming settlers, who would have brought a more abrupt change in subsistence strategy. "The same archaeological pattern occurs west of Egypt..” --Ehret, Keita, Newman, Bellwood (2004). The Origins of Afroasiatic Science 3 v306, n5702, p1680 [/QB][/QUOTE]
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