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[QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [QB] Read this carefully: __________________________________________________ Since most of the languages spoken in North Africa and in nearby parts of Asia belong to the Afro-Asiatic family (Ruhlen 1991), this expansion could have involved people speaking a proto–Afro-Asiatic language. These people could have carried, among others, the E3b and J lineages, after which the M81 mutation arose within North Africa and expanded along with the Neolithic population into an environment containing few humans. Under the hypothesis of a Neolithic demic expansion from the Middle East, the likely origin of E3b in East Africa could indicate either a local contribution to the North African Neolithic transition (Barker 2003) or an earlier migration into the Fertile Crescent, preceding the expansion back into Africa. In conclusion, we propose that the Y-chromosomal genetic structure observed in North Africa is mainly the result of an expansion of early food-producing societies. A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa Barbara Arredi,1 2004 _________________________________________________ M81 is a mutation that arose after other migration previous to it E-M81 is restricted to northern Africa. The haplogroup is not found in sub-Saharan Africa. E-M81 is rare (1.9%), and the southernmost finding of E-M81 chromosomes on the continent is that here reported in the [b]Tuareg from Niger (9.1%),[/b] yet 90-100% in certain Tunisian populations. [b]Basques; 12.2% in southern Portuguese; and 41.1% in the Pasiegos from Cantabria.[/b] we estimated for haplogroup E-M81 and the lack of differentiation between European and African haplotypes in the network of E-M81 (fig. 2C) support the hypothesis of recent gene flow between northwestern Africa and Iberia. In this context, our data refine the conclusions of Bosch et al. (2001) in two ways. First, not all of the E3b chromosomes in Iberia can be regarded as a signature of African gene flow into the peninsula Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa Fulvio Cruciani, ^^^ you readin this xyyman? [/QB][/QUOTE]
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