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Population Affinities of the Jebel Sahaba Skeletal Sample (Holliday 2013)
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Ish Gebor: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Djehuti: [qb] ^ And are you saying that Holliday's Afalou sample represents all Oranians/Iberomarusians the same way his El Wad Natufian sample represents all Natufians?? You realize that crania from the Afalou bou Rummel site differ from the Mechta el Arbi in that the former have crania that are brachycephalic and orthognathous as well as cold adapted limb proportions. The same can be said of El Wad Natufians. [/qb][/QUOTE]About the same quote, in its entirety, plus the El Wad Natufians. [IMG]http://oi66.tinypic.com/2l9i0z9.jpg[/IMG] [QUOTE] Three Jebel Sahaba individuals (117-19, 117-22 and 117-39) fall below the recent sub-Saharan African OLS line, but all the Jebel Sahaba sample fall above the recent North African OLS line. Note that the Afalou specimens (the grey circles) all fall below the recent sub-Saharan African OLS line, with one individual (no. 28) falling below the recent European regression line and directly on the circumpolar line. Ain Dokhara 1 (the black circle), an early Holocene, Capsian-associated skeleton from Algeria (Balout 1955b), falls just above the recent sub-Saharan African OLS line. All five of the Natufian individuals from El Wad, Israel (the open squares), fall below the recent North African OLS line, and three of the five fall below the recent European regression line. A similar, if less marked, clinal pattern is evident in the scatter plot of tibial length on femoral head size (Figure 2). Once again, the recent humans show a clinal pattern, with sub-Saharan Africans on average having the longest tibiae and circumpolar individuals possessing the shortest. As with the previous analysis, the North Africans are intermediate between the sub- Saharan Africans and the Europeans, whereas the Europeans tend toward longer tibiae than the Inuits. As a group, the Jebel Sahaba sample (the stars) tend to have longer tibiae for any given femoral head size than do the other fossil groups. Four of the eight Jebel Sahaba individuals (117-1, 117-6, 117-10 and 117-26) fall above the recent sub-Saharan African OLS line, with a fifth individual (117-19) falling directly on it. Three Jebel Sahaba individuals (117-18, 117-28 and 117-39) fall below the sub-Saharan OLS line. Of these, 117-28 lies above the recent North African OLS line, 117-39 falls directly on it and 117-18 falls just below it. In contrast, none of the Afalou skeletons (the grey circles) falls above the sub-Saharan African line; rather, they tend to cluster about the North African and European lines. Afalou 28 actually falls below the recent circumpolar human regression line for the tibial length: femoral head size relationship. Ain Dokhara 1 (the black circle) falls just above the North African and just below the sub-Saharan African OLS lines. The El Wad Natufians (the open squares) all cluster on or below the European regression line. Multivariate analyses begin with PCA based on the variance–covariance matrix (VCM) of a data set that includes the natural logarithms of all the measurements listed in the Materials and methods: femoral head A-P diameter and femoral, humeral, tibial and radial lengths (and shape variables were calculated from these mea- surements as described in the Materials and methods). The reduction in total variance (i.e. the sum of all ei- genvalues) from the VCM of the log-transformed mea- surements to that of the log shape measurements indicate that ~18.5% of the total variance is attribut- able to shape. The results of the PCA of the log shape variables are presented in Table 4. Combined, the first and second principal components account for 84.9% of the total shape variance. The first principal component accounts for 72.3% of the variance and primarily con- trasts femoral head size with tibial and radial length. The second principal component accounts for 12.6% of the variance and contrasts radius length with femoral length. These differences are best seen visually in Figure 3, which is a plot of the PC scores for the indi- vidual fossil specimens and male and female means for the recent human samples. The scores along the first principal axis contrast those individuals and sample means on the left, who tend to have smaller femoral heads and longer radial and tibial lengths, with those individuals and sample means on the right, who tend to have larger femoral heads and shorter tibial and radial lengths. [b]This principal axis is best interpreted as a climatic adaptation gradient, with those individuals on the left evincing a heat-adapted postcranial morphology, whereas those on the right evince a more cold-adapted morphology. The second principal component does not distinguish the groups from each other. All of the Jebel Sahaba specimens lie at the heat-adapted end of the spectrum, and all but one individual 2 1 0 -1 JS 10 Africa El Wad 10290 Europe JS 19 JS 39 Circumpolar Afalou 28 (117-26, who is perhaps ‘extreme’ in its heat adap- tation) fall within the scatter of recent African means. Although not shown on the plot, the re- cent North African sample falls almost completely within the right side of the recent sub-Saharan Af- rican scatter, with one Jebel Sahaba specimen (117-39) falling within the range of both the re- cent North and sub-Saharan African sample means, a second (117-19) falling just outside the range of the North African sample means (but also within the range of the sub-Saharan Africans), whereas a third individual (117-10) falls outside of the North African range and just within the sub-Saharan Afri- can range. The Ain Dokhara specimen also falls within the scatter of recent African means. In contrast, none of the Afalou specimens, nor of the El Wad Natufian specimens, falls within the African scatter, and all lie to- ward the more cold-adapted end of the scatter. As was the case with the bivariate analyses, among the prehis- toric skeletons, Afalou 28 looks the most extreme in its cold-adapted morphology, and note that this specimen was recovered some 2 m below the other human remains at the site (see succeeding discussions)... [IMG]https://images.readcube-cdn.com/publishers/wiley/figures/e047e0f3fcbc161347a35c28384671cf0d837b8a4384b8ed796cc26200ed90a5/3-t.jpg[/IMG] [/QUOTE]--T. W. HOLLIDAY Population Affinities of the Jebel Sahaba Skeletal Sample: Limb Proportion Evidence [/QB][/QUOTE]
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