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Ancient west Eurasian ancestry in southern and eastern Africa 2013
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Clyde Winters: [QB] Race will always be a part of genomic research. [QUOTE] J Forensic Sci. 2002 Nov;47(6):1215-23. Characterization of the [b]Caucasian haplogroups[/b] present in the SWGDAM forensic mtDNA dataset for 1771 human control region sequences. Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods. Allard MW, Miller K, Wilson M, Monson K, Budowle B. SourceDepartment of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA. Abstract Currently, the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM) mtDNA dataset is used to infer the relative rarity of mtDNA profiles (i.e., haplotypes) obtained from evidence samples and for identification of missing persons. The[b] Caucasian haplogroup[/b] patterns in this forensic dataset have been characterized using phylogenetic methods. The assessment reveals that the dataset is[b] relevant and representative of U.S. and European Caucasians.[/b] The comparisons carried out were both the observation of variable sites within the control region (CR) and the selection of a subset of these sites, which partition the variation within human mtDNA control region sequences into clusters (i.e., haplogroups). The aligned sequence matrix was analyzed to determine both single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a phylogenetic context, as well as to check and standardize haplogroup designations with a focus on determining the characters that define these groups. To evaluate the dataset for forensic utility, the haplogroup identifications and frequencies were compared with those reported from other published studies. PMID:12455642[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] [/QUOTE] [QUOTE] Am J Hum Genet. 1994 Oct;55(4):760-76.[b] mtDNA and the origin of Caucasians: identification of ancient Caucasian-specific haplogroups, one of which is prone to a recurrent somatic duplication in the D-loop region.[/b] Torroni A, Lott MT, Cabell MF, Chen YS, Lavergne L, Wallace DC. SourceDepartment of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322. Abstract mtDNA sequence variation was examined in 175 Caucasians from the United States and Canada by PCR amplification and high-resolution restriction-endonuclease analysis. The majority of the Caucasian mtDNAs were subsumed within four mtDNA lineages (haplogroups) defined by mutations that are rarely seen in Africans and Mongoloids. The sequence divergence of these haplogroups indicates that they arose early in Caucasian radiation and gave raise to modern European mtDNAs. Although ancient, none of these haplogroups is old enough to be compatible with a Neanderthal origin, suggesting that Homo sapiens sapiens displaced H. s. neanderthaliensis, rather than mixed with it. The mtDNAs of one of these haplogroups have a unique homoplasmic insertion between nucleotide pair (np) 573 and np 574, within the D-loop control region. This insertion makes these mtDNAs prone to a somatic mutation that duplicates a 270-bp portion of the D-loop region between np 309 and np 572. This finding suggests that certain nonpathogenic mtDNA mutations could predispose individuals to mtDNA rearrangements. PMID:7942855[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] PMCID:PMC1918284Free PMC Article [/QUOTE] [QUOTE] Am J Hum Genet. 2005 October; 77(4): 676–680. Published online 2005 August 11. PMCID: PMC1275617[b]Charting the Ancestry of African Americans[/b] Antonio Salas,1 Ángel Carracedo,1 Martin Richards,2 and Vincent Macaulay3 1Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Medicina Legal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, and Centro Nacional de Genotipado, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Galicia, Spain; 2School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and 3Department of Statistics, University of Glasgow, GlasgowAddress for correspondence and reprints: Dr. Antonio Salas, Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Medicina Legal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Calle San Francisco, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Galicia, Spain. E-mail: apimlase@usc.es Author information ► Article notes ► Copyright and License information ► Received June 10, 2005; Accepted July 27, 2005. Copyright © 2005 by The American Society of Human Genetics. All rights reserved. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract.The Atlantic slave trade promoted by West European empires (15th–19th centuries) forcibly moved at least 11 million people from Africa, including about one-third from west-central Africa, to European and American destinations. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genome has retained an imprint of this process, but previous analyses lacked west-central African data.[b] Here, we make use of an African database of 4,860 mtDNAs, which include 948 mtDNA sequences from west-central Africa and a further 154 from the southwest, and compare these for the first time with a publicly available database of 1,148 African Americans from the United States that contains 1,053 mtDNAs of sub-Saharan ancestry.[/b] We show that >55% of the U.S. lineages have a West African ancestry, with <41% coming from west-central or southwestern Africa. These results are remarkably similar to the most up-to-date analyses of the historical record. [/QUOTE] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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