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The 'Average' Northwest African Phenotype/Origins of Northwest Africans
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Troll Patrol aka Ish Gebor: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [qb] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Firewall: [qb] I read awhile go that libya is about 30% to 50% black today. [/qb][/QUOTE]In the 1580s, the rulers of Fezzan gave their allegiance to the sultan, and although Ottoman authority was absent in Cyrenaica, a bey was stationed in Benghazi late in the next century to act as agent of the government in Tripoli. European slaves and large numbers of enslaved blacks transported from Sudan were also a feature of everyday life in Tripoli. In 1551, Turgut Reis enslaved almost the entire population of the Maltese island of Gozo, some 6,300 people, sending them to Libya. Under Gaddafi, foreign workers accounted for about one quarter of Libya's six million population. Most came from Africa, poor immigrants seeking jobs in Libya's oil, agriculture or other sectors. [/qb][/QUOTE]Am J Phys Anthropol. 2011 Nov;146(3):423-34. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.21597. Epub 2011 Sep 27. Activity patterns in the Sahara Desert: an interpretation based on cross-sectional geometric properties. Nikita E, Siew YY, Stock J, Mattingly D, Lahr MM. Source University of Cambridge, Leverhulme Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge, CB2 1QH, Abstract [QUOTE] The Garamantian civilization flourished in modern Fezzan, Libya, between 900 BC and 500 AD, during which the aridification of the Sahara was well established. Study of the archaeological remains suggests a population successful at coping with a harsh environment of high and fluctuating temperatures and reduced water and food resources. This study explores the activity patterns of the Garamantes by means of cross-sectional geometric properties. Long bone diaphyseal shape and rigidity are compared between the Garamantes and populations from Egypt and Sudan, namely from the sites of Kerma, el-Badari, and Jebel Moya, to determine whether the Garamantian daily activities were more strenuous than those of other North African populations. Moreover, sexual dimorphism and bilateral asymmetry are assessed at an intra- and inter-population level. The inter-population comparisons showed the Garamantes not to be more robust than the comparative populations, suggesting that the daily Garamantian activities necessary for survival in the Sahara Desert did not generally impose greater loads than those of other North African populations. Sexual dimorphism and bilateral asymmetry in almost all geometric properties of the long limbs were comparatively low among the Garamantes. Only the lower limbs were significantly stronger among males than females, possibly due to higher levels of mobility associated with herding. The lack of systematic bilateral asymmetry in cross-sectional geometric properties may relate to the involvement of the population in bilaterally intensive activities or the lack of regular repetition of unilateral activities. [/QUOTE]Am J Phys Anthropol. 2012 Feb;147(2):280-92. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.21645. Epub 2011 Dec 20. Sahara: Barrier or corridor? Nonmetric cranial traits and biological affinities of North African late Holocene populations. Nikita E, Mattingly D, Lahr MM. Source Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge, UK. Abstract [QUOTE] The Garamantes flourished in southwestern Libya, in the core of the Sahara Desert ~3,000 years ago and largely controlled trans-Saharan trade. Their biological affinities to other North African populations, including the Egyptian, Algerian, Tunisian and Sudanese, roughly contemporary to them, are examined by means of cranial nonmetric traits using the Mean Measure of Divergence and Mahalanobis D(2) distance. The aim is to shed light on the extent to which the Sahara Desert inhibited extensive population movements and gene flow. Our results show that the Garamantes possess distant affinities to their neighbors. This relationship may be due to the Central Sahara forming a barrier among groups, despite the archaeological evidence for extended networks of contact. The role of the Sahara as a barrier is further corroborated by the significant correlation between the Mahalanobis D(2) distance and geographic distance between the Garamantes and the other populations under study. In contrast, no clear pattern was observed when all North African populations were examined, indicating that there was no uniform gene flow in the region. [/QUOTE][IMG]http://oi45.tinypic.com/2wd7o82.jpg[/IMG] The black mummy of Libya http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PXXdJHbX2w [IMG]http://www.froghopperdvds.co.uk/image/cache/data/covers/lp%20ac%20Mystery%20of%20the%20Black%20Mummy-367x475.jpg[/IMG] Successes and failures of human dispersals from North Africa (2011) [IMG]http://origin-ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1040618211003612-gr1.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]http://origin-ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1040618211003612-gr2.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]http://origin-ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1040618211003612-gr3.jpg[/IMG] http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618211003612 [/QB][/QUOTE]
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