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The 'Average' Northwest African Phenotype/Origins of Northwest Africans
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by typeZeiss: [qb] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor: [qb] [QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [qb] berber language might be related to Vandal languge but there is near very little known about Vandal language to determine this [/qb][/QUOTE]I have posted two studies. Did you actually read them? Berber is not solely influenced by classic German. It is also know as a branch of Afrasan. So I think it's a bit more complex. Then to just say, it's classical German. [/qb][/QUOTE]The question that this brings up for me is, who much of the European Language presence have to do with the introduction of slaves. We know many were brought from all over Europe. This had to have had some impact on the language just as it had impact on DNA. [/qb][/QUOTE]It's even more complex than just that, [QUOTE] Results: A similar level of gene diversity was detected in Sejnane and Takrouna populations. PC results revealed genetic affinities between these two populations and some Eurasian populations ( Germany, Genova and Syria). In contrast, there is a differentiation between these two Berber communities and North African and Iberian populations. Conclusion: The results of this study confirm the heterogeneity of Berbers in North Africa, which suggests their diverse origins. In the case of Sejnane and Takrouna populations, these results are in line with an ancient Euro Mediterranean background that has already been studied by archaeologists, particularly for the population of Sejnane. [/QUOTE]--S. Frigi, H. Ennafaa, M. Ben Amor, L. Cherni and A. Ben Ammar-Elgaaied Assessing human genetic diversity in Tunisian Berber populations by Alu insertion polymorphisms http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/03014460.2010.490241 Vandals and the African Catholics [QUOTE] Gaiseric, and especially his son Hunneric (477-484), tried to impose Arianism on the African Catholics. This led to a relentless campaign of persecution in which priests were tortured to make them reveal church treasures and bishops were killed or exiled. Free men including wealthy landowners were enslaved or fined, and their lands were distributed amongst the Vandal warriors, while the large imperial estates were seized for the royal domain. Only Arians were appointed at court. Catholic churches were pillaged, or used as stables, and town walls were pulled down to prevent rebellion. Under Hilderic (523-531) some churches were restored to the Catholics, but Vandal pirates may still have posed a threat to Byzantine trade. The Byzantine army under General Belisarius took advantage of civil unrest to stage a rapid reconquest of North Africa in 534. King Gelimer was eventually captured while many Vandal survivors enlisted in the Byzantine cavalry to serve against the Persians and Ostrogoths, or fled to join the Moors, or were enslaved. After this, no more is heard of them, although they are still remembered for their depredations today. Little archaeological evidence remains of Vandal presence in North Africa, except for some jewellery, and representations and personal names in a few fine mosaics, as at Annaba and Thebesa. In spite of their reputation, they seem to have largely adopted late Antique culture and an urban way of life, maintaining Roman buildings and installations and much of the old civil administration, although their kingdom was in decline by the end of the sixth century. A hoard of cut garnets found at Carthage suggests the presence of an early cloisonné workshop there. [/QUOTE] http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/article_index/v/vandals_and_the_african_cathol.aspx Vandals and the Roman Empire [QUOTE] The Vandals formed a group of Eastern Germanic peoples, originally perhaps from Jutland. They occupied lands between the Oder and Vistula rivers in the first century AD. According to a Roman historian, they lived in waggons and moved from pasture to pasture tending their herds of cattle and horses. While living in the Danube region the Vandals supplied troops for the Roman army and adopted the heretical Arian form of Christianity. Later, when they migrated to areas of the Roman Empire, Arianism set the Vandals apart from native populations. At the end of 406 the Vandals joined with escaped slaves from Pannonia and other barbarian tribes, including the Suevi, the nomadic Alans, and some Goths, and crossed the frozen Rhine near Mainz into Roman Gaul, probably to escape from domination by the Huns. After ravaging France they crossed the Pyrenees in 409 and eventually settled in southern Spain for a while. They occupied the countryside, but left the towns to the native population. Their name might be preserved in that of Andalusia, but this is uncertain. The Vandals seized Roman ships and made piratical raids around the Mediterranean, even as far as the coasts of Greece. Allegedly at the invitation of a disgraced Roman governor, Count Boniface, the Vandals crossed to North Africa in 429. A census, taken at that time, numbered 80,000 males amongst them. Under King Gaiseric they went on to establish an autocratic kingdom in what is today eastern Algeria and Tunisia. The kingdom centred on Carthage, the wealthy third city of the empire and Rome's main source of grain. There they built a fleet with which they were able to seize the Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Corsica and western Sicily. They even captured Rome itself briefly in 455, stripping the city of its riches and carrying off the empress Eudoxia and her two daughters. The emperor was forced to recognize Vandal rule after an attempt to recover Africa was defeated in 460 and the Vandal kings issued their own coins as a symbol of their independence. [/QUOTE] http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/articles/v/vandals_and_the_roman_empire.aspx Germanic peoples and the Roman Empire [QUOTE] The early Germans either buried or cremated their dead with their personal possessions, which tells us much about their way of life, as well as their burial customs. Also, both archaeological and historical evidence suggests that merchants from the Roman Empire traded wine, glass and bronze vessels, pottery and textiles in exchange for amber, furs, and slaves. The frontier was not closed and markets were set up at controlled crossings. Leaders of Germanic tribes were often given diplomatic payments of gold coins by the Romans to buy their friendship, as, in the late third and fourth centuries, larger and more permanent confederations formed. After swearing an oath of loyalty to the Emperor, Germanic warriors could serve as auxiliaries in the Roman army and even rise to high rank. Some groups were given subsidies and land to settle within the Empire. This encouraged them to cultivate deserted tracts and prevent raiding, provided that they recognized Rome's supremacy. As Roman authority declined, however, they were able to assert their independence. In the late fourth and fifth centuries, in the so-called Migration Period, a number of Germanic peoples from beyond the Rhine and Danube set out for better lands, for various reasons - particularly to escape from the invasion of the nomadic Huns from the east, or overpopulation or flooding in their homelands. This brought them into serious conflict with the Empire, and eventually to the break-up of the western part of it and the deposition of the western Emperor himself, in 476. In the early Middle Ages, the main Germanic peoples comprised the Anglo-Saxons and Saxons, the Franks, or Merovingians, the Ostrogoths and Visigoths, Vandals and Lombards. Important, too, were the Frisians, Alemanni, Burgundians, Suevi, Thuringians and others. The Danes, Swedes and Norse of Scandinavia later became known as the Vikings. [/QUOTE] http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/article_index/g/germanic_peoples_and_the_roman.aspx Germanic peoples [QUOTE] The early Germanic peoples of northern Europe (sometimes also called the Teutons) first became known to the Classical world when a Greek merchant named Pytheas sailed into the North Sea early in the fourth century BC. According to the Roman historian Tacitus, writing in AD 98, they comprised a large number of tribes and one or two confederations, living mainly between the rivers Rhine, Danube and Vistula, in the region known as 'Germania'. The largest groups numbered probably no more than about 150,000 and they were mainly farmers, herdsmen and fishermen. They had no towns and lived in farms and villages, though some of the latter were quite large. Without overall unity, the tribes were often in conflict, both with one another and with the Romans, who regarded them as barbarians. Nevertheless, their simpler way of life was idealised by Tacitus, who saw them as preserving virtues and values which the Romans themselves had once possessed. The Germanic tribes would have spoken very similar languages. Most modern northern European languages (for example, English, German, and Dutch) are derived from these earlier tongues. These peoples are known to have been closely related by customs, religion and material culture as well as by language.[/QUOTE] http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/articles/g/germanic_peoples.aspx [/QB][/QUOTE]
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