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The 'Average' Northwest African Phenotype/Origins of Northwest Africans
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Troll Patrol # Ish Gebor: [QB] [QUOTE] The Tamasheq language Tamasheq (or Tamajeq, or Tamaheq, stemming from the word Tamazight) is the language of the Tuareg, a nomadic people that has been settled in the desert areas of North Africa for millennia, over a vast territory reaching from Mali to Libya, from Burkina Faso to Algeria, and including Niger. There are around one million speakers of Tamasheq. As are Kabyle, Shawia, or Rifian, Tamasheq is actually a variant of Berber (or Tamazight), a group of languages found in the entire part of North Africa (Marocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Niger, Mauritania, Mali, and Burkina Faso), not to mention a large diaspora in Europe and America. In total, estimations account for over 45 million speakers of Berber languages. One distinctive feature of the Berber language is its writing. An alphabet known as Tifinagh appeared during the first millennium B.C., and despite its disappearing in most of the North where it was replaced by Roman and Arabic alphabets, the Tuareg have been using it ever since. In the second half of the 20th century, a modern version, first created by the Berber Academy, and then modified by linguists to reach a standard form that would be suitable to all types of idioms, is now widely used in the North, and was even formalized in Morocco in 2001. This Alphabet, known as Neo-Tifinagh, while raising enthusiasm in the North, still encounters reluctance among the Tuareg people. [/QUOTE] http://www.sorosoro.org/en/2011/07/the-tamasheq-language/ [QUOTE]The Garamantes flourished in southwestern Libya, in the core of the Sahara Desert ~3,000 years ago and largely controlled trans-Saharan trade. Their biological affinities to other North African populations, including the Egyptian, Algerian, Tunisian and Sudanese, roughly contemporary to them, are examined by means of cranial nonmetric traits using the Mean Measure of Divergence and Mahalanobis D(2) distance. The aim is to shed light on the extent to which the Sahara Desert inhibited extensive population movements and gene flow. Our results show that the Garamantes possess distant affinities to their neighbors. This relationship may be due to the Central Sahara forming a barrier among groups, despite the archaeological evidence for extended networks of contact. The role of the Sahara as a barrier is further corroborated by the significant correlation between the Mahalanobis D(2) distance and geographic distance between the Garamantes and the other populations under study. In contrast, no clear pattern was observed when all North African populations were examined, indicating that there was no uniform gene flow in the region.[/QUOTE]--Nikita E1, Mattingly D, Lahr MM. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2012 Feb;147(2):280-92. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.21645. Epub 2011 Dec 20. Sahara: Barrier or corridor? Nonmetric cranial traits and biological affinities of North African late Holocene populations. [QUOTE] The Garamantes flourished in southwestern Libya, in the core of the Sahara Desert approximately 3,000 years ago and largely controlled trans-Saharan trade. Their biological affinities to other North African populations, Egyptian, Algerian, Tunisian and Sudanese, roughly contemporary to them are examined. The aim is to shed light on the extent to which the Sahara Desert inhibited extensive population movements and subsequent gene flow. This issue is addressed by means of analyses of non-metric cranial and mandibular traits. Our results show that the Garamantes possess distant affinities to their neighbors. This may relate to the Central Sahara forming a barrier among groups, despite the archaeological evidence for extended networks of contact. The role of the Sahara as a barrier is further corroborated by the relative biological proximity of populations which are located along the Nile or the Mediterranean coast, such as the Kerma and Gizeh, the Algerians and Alexandrians, the Soleb and Alexandrians. Finally, females overall exhibit smaller pairwise biodistances compared to males, possibly due to the greater gene flow in the female population as a result of their greater mobility because of various marital networks. To conclude, the Sahara Desert restricted population contacts in the Late Holocene, once it had turned hyper-arid. The trade networks must have involved only a specialized sub-set of merchants, while females dispersed more widely, possibly due to patrilocal marital networks. [/QUOTE]--Efthymia Nikita1, Marta Mirazón Lahr1 and David Mattingly2 Sahara: Barrier or corridor? Non-metric Cranial Traits and Biological Affinities of North African Late Holocene Populations 1 Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, University of Cambridge 2 School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester 13th Annual Conference of the British Association for Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology Organiser Dr. Kathleen McSweeney University of Edinburgh School of History, Classics, and Archaeology Friday 2nd – Sunday 4th September 2011 Programme and Abstracts [/QB][/QUOTE]
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