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[QUOTE]Originally posted by mena7: [QB] [IMG]https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--Fq14WXnx--/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_636/192o8phyxn2zdjpg.jpg[/IMG] http://www.asiawind.com/china-mapped-the-world-before-columbus/ - China mapped world before Columbus Chinese mapped the world before Columbus – The Impossible Black Tulip “Kun Yu Wan Guo Quan Tu”, a 1430 Chinese World Map Siu-Leung Lee, PhD (2013.10.01) In 1602, the Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci presented a world map to Ming Emperor Wanli (萬曆). A zoomable copy of the map is available on the Internet at: University of Minnesota Bell Library - black and white (same as LOC) Library of Congress - black and white (Wikipedia) Tohoku University - color (Wikipedia) 1602map 1602map-colorIt has always been thought to be translated and compiled from maps by Ortelius and Mercator, who are considered to be the two most important figures in modern cartography. However, on close examination of the 1602 world map and the original maps of Ortelius and Mercator, it is clear that most of the information is not from European sources of Ricci’s time. Instead, the map is drawn around 1430 CE from Chinese information. This finding indicates that Ming Chinese already knew about the world 60 years before Christopher Columbus’ first voyage in 1492, and 90 years before Magellan’s circumnavigation in 1520. The geography of the 1602 world map reflects a world of 1430 in the eyes of Chinese, except for a few names added by Matteo Ricci. This finding overturns the following historical dogma: Ming Chinese mariners only reached East Africa Columbus discovered America in 1492 Matteo Ricci brought world geography to China The detailed research is published in my book: Kunyu Wanguo World map sted 26 May, 2016 11:36 PM Profile for mena7 Author's Homepage Send New Private Message Edit/Delete Post Reply With Quote http://www.asiawind.com/china-mapped-the-world-before-columbus/impossible_black_tulip/ Impossible Black Tulip The 1602 Chinese World Map is nicknamed Impossible Black Tulip because it is rare like a black tulip, and impossible by the European cartographic knowledge of its time. Not only is the 1602 World Map more accurate than the contemporaneous world maps by Ortelius and Mercator, it has geography not yet explored by Europeans until 200 some years later! The following key points are incompatible with the notion that the 1602 Map is derived from maps by Ortelius and Mercator: Pasquale d’Elia translated 1602 Map into Italian. Why didn’t he extract them from the maps of Ortelius and Mercator? 50% of the place names on 1602 Map have no equivalent on maps by Ortelius and Mercator. Where did Ricci get the information? The errors of the Ulpius globe and maps by Ortelius, Mercator, Aleni and many other European cartographers are not reproduced on 1602 Map, showing the 1602 Map is not a copy of the European maps. 1602 Map place names of America are geographically accurate 200 years before European exploration. A copy of original maps can never exceed in accuracy and detail of its master blueprint . How could all these happen if 1602 Map was adapted from maps by Ortelius and Mercator? The 1602 world map labels all the oceans using China as the center of reference. The ocean off Japan is Small East Ocean, off California is Large East Ocean. Indian Ocean is Small West Ocean and the Atlantic is Large West Ocean. The nomenclature of Small West Ocean is east of Europe. But, why did Chinese name Large West Ocean unless they knew it was bigger than the Indian Ocean (Small West Ocean)? To tell the size of which ocean is larger, Ming Chinese must have cross the Large West Ocean (Atlantic Ocean). The name Large West Ocean persists till today. If indeed Ricci named the oceans with China as the center, the following errors in European cartography do not make sense. A globe by Euphrosynus Ulpius in 1542 was commissioned by Cardinal Cervinus who later became Pope Marcellus II. On the west side of a very rough America that is mostly just Mexico is an ocean named Oceanus Oreientalis et Occidentalis, viz. East and West Ocean. How could a geographical name include both east and west? This globe is now in the the museum of New York Historical Society. Ulpius globe 1542 A similar mistake is made by Giulio Aleni (1582-1649), who was a successor of Matteo Ricci to the Jesuit China mission. In Aleni’s map 萬國全圖 (“Map of Ten Thousand Nations” ) drawn around 1620, the West Ocean is west of Europe on the left hand side of the map, while the East Ocean is east of America on the right hand side of the map. But these two are actually the same ocean now we call Atlantic Ocean. This map is also attributed to Matteo Ricci. How could Ricci be correct on the 1602 Map and so erroneous on a much simpler map? The Ulpius globe and the Aleni map made the same mistake of confusing east and west because the orientation of Europe is different from China. Apparently the concept of East Ocean and West Ocean was known to Europe. But how to place them with reference to Europe is a problem. The 1602 Map is correct because it was actually authored by Chinese using China as the reference. The error of Ulpius and Aleni could not be resolved with Europe as the center. The frequent explanation of Ricci putting China in the center to please the Chinese. It is not true. Accurate maps cannot exist before exploration. The 1602 Map is geographically accurate about western North America, which was not explored until Lewis and Clark (1804-06). How did Ricci accomplish all these without leaving China? Besides, without aerial survey, no single person could have covered the geography of 2/3 of the United States and most of Canada. It is a job of hundreds of people for many years. Ricci had the opportunity to visit Nanjing (南京 South Capital) and Beijing (北京 North Capital) of Ming dynasty. Emperor Zhu Di(朱棣, reign era Yongle永樂) constructed the palace in Beijing in 1421, replacing the South Capital established by his father Zhu Yuanzhang(朱元璋). Archives are kept at both palaces. In addition, Ricci was the first European ever allowed to enter the Forbidden City. By presenting a clock to emperor Wanli, he had the excuse to wind up the clock everyday to keep it working. With this legitimate reason, he could visit the Forbidden City. From the time he arrived in Beijing in early 1601 to the completion of the map in late autumn in 1602, Ricci had more than a year to access the imperial archives. Instead of using the full name Kun Yu Wan Guo Quan Tu (坤輿萬國全圖), a long Chinese name which few people understand or remember, I have been calling it the 1602 Map according to the year it was presented to Emperor Wanli. In fact, the information of the map indicates it was mostly completed around 1430, some 60 years before Christopher Columbus set sail. The Europe portion of the map is even more outdated, likely before 1342, which further excludes Ricci, Ortelius and Mercator as the immediate source of the 1602 Map. Such conclusions are drawn from place names on the 1602 Map. Details on dating the map and why Ricci’s authorship was not challenged by the Ming officials is discussed in the following section. Siu-Leung Lee, PhD (2013.10.01) http://www.asiawind.com/china-mapped-the-world-before-columbus/1602_map_not_sourced_from_ortelius_mercator/ hinese World Map in 1430 1602 World Map drawn by Ming Chinese in 1430 Siu-Leung Lee, PhD Background Year 1430 is the year when the great Chinese admiral Zheng He commenced the 7th and the last voyage in his 28-year career of exploring the world. He was first commissioned by Emperor Zhu Di (朱棣) in 1405 to launch a series of voyages for many reasons, mainly to establish trading relationship with other nations. Zhu Di is historically one of the most ambitious emperors who wants to accomplish great things in his reign. This workaholic emperor left his marks in the Forbidden City, major part of the Great Wall, the first Imperial collection of all books ever published (永樂大典), and the magnificent pagoda (大報恩寺, destroyed in 1856) in Nanjing in memory of his mother, each one an unprecedented achievement. Zheng He completed 6 major voyages between 1405 and 1424. Upon Zhu Di’s death in 1424, all marine activities came to a halt. The next emperor Zhu Gaochi (朱高熾) resumed maritime ban. Zhu Gaochi’s reign lasted for only one year. His son Zhu Zhanji (朱瞻基) became Emperor Xuande (宣德) in 1426. By early 1430, Zhu Zhanji realized that fewer and fewer nations were visiting Ming China to trade. These little countries had no means of transportation to China without Ming’s fleet. Finally Emperor Xuande issued an edict, dispatching Zheng He for his last voyage to re-establish trading relations. Upon the death of Zhu Zhanji, Ming resumed the maritime ban again until 1567. The period of maritime ban 1435-1567 is significant in dating the construction of the 1602 map. Every one of the seven voyages employed a crew of about 27,000 people on hundreds of large ships, some as big as a small aircraft carrier in World War II. The fleet was divided up in smaller groups on different routes. Some of the journeys lasted two to three years. With a total of 200,000 man-trips, the Ming exploration is at a capacity more than 1000-fold of any of the European explorers. Unfortunately, most of Zheng He’s records were destroyed in wars during the transition of Ming and Qing, and the invasion of foreign powers in the 19th-20th century. The remaining records show Kenya as the farthest nation reached by Zheng He. This could hardly be convincing. Maritime “Porcelain Road” between China and West Asia started in Han dynasty (206 BCE – 22o CE). By Tang dynasty (618-907), Chinese porcelain with Islam design are already popular exports. With the support of a nation that owns 1/2 to 2/3 of the world’s GDP at that time, if Zheng He only achieved the same or less than what his predecessors did hundreds of years ago, he would not be qualified as the greatest mariner ever. The actual completion date of the 1602 Map is ~1430 Above Spain on the 1602 Map, there is a note that says “This is Europe…. It has never established relations with China until 70 some years ago.” That is the secret. 1602Spain While there were trading with Europe as far back as Han dynasty through the silk Road, the official relations of China and Europe was only established in Yuan dynasty (1271-1368) when a 50-clergyman Papal legation led by Giovanni de Marignolli visited China. They reached Beijing in 1342 and exchanged credentials with the Yuan Emperor. After staying for a few years, they were escorted back to Europe in 1347. Seventy some years from that period would fall between 1412 and 1426, exactly the time of Zheng He’s voyages. If this note was written by Ricci when he completed the map in 1602, seventy some years before 1602 would be 1522-32, which is a period of maritime ban. If the statement referred to the maps Ortelius and Mercator, it would trace back to 1500, still in the maritime ban period. This statement excludes the authorship of Ricci and his adaptation of Ortelius and Mercator maps. This statement could be written only by Ming Chinese at the peak of Zheng He’s voyages. The geography of Europe on the 1602 Map is obviously from the exchange between the Pope and the Yuan Khan. The Hereford Mappa Mundi dated around 1300 CE is representative of the cartography of this period. It should reflect the knowledge earlier than 1338 when Marignoli left for China. During Marignoli’s journey, the Pope was in Avignon (1309-1378), corroborating with the absence of the Papal States in Italy on the 1602 Map. That is also a period before Tuscany and Florence became well known in Renaissance. That also explains why the Italy is badly shaped. It would take another 200 years for European cartography to reach the development of Ortelius and Mercator. The colonial cities Veracruz(1519), Acapulco (1530), Sao Paulo (1532), Buenos Aires(1536), and Rio de Janeiro(1565) are all absent on the 1602 Map. Even though these are significant events in European history, Ricci did not update it on the map. For America, Ricci merely supplied names such as New Hispania (新以西把你亞), New France (新佛朗察), North America (北阿墨利加), South America (南阿墨利加). China of Yongle and Xuande The brevity of Europe and erroneous Italy on the 1602 Map are in sharp contrakywgqt-NEChinast to the detailed China with names associated with Yongle and Xuande’s reign. In northeast China, names along the route of Yongle’s campaign against Mongolians are labeled. Some of these names don’t even qualify as villages. They are merely landmarks of Yongle’s battles. A revealing name is Yu Mu Chuan (榆木川), the place where Yongle died in 1424 on his way back from his last campaign. Other than that, there is no significance for this name. The map has to be drawn after 1424, the year Emperor Yongle died. kywgqt-SWChina A number of names in southwest China on the 1602 Map are only important during Yongle reign. These names were established by Yongle to resolve some local conflicts. In addition, they are landmarks along the Tea-Horse Route of Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi for transporting goods from the maritime trade. The name Annan (安南) is another time stamp. Vietnam was called Jiaozhi (交趾)when it was a protectorate of China, and Annan when it was more independent. Vietnam was under the administration of Ming court most of the time until Xuande pronounced Vietnam a self - kywgqt-Annan-Jiaozhi governing state Annan(安南) in 1428. In the 1602 Map, Vietnam is named Annan, including Jiaozhi as the old name. The inclusion of Jiaozhi only happened shortly after 1428, showing the date of completion of the map. One hundred fifty years later when Ricci was visiting China, the name Jiaozhi was dropped. The above two events indicate that the map was drawn shortly after 1428. Since Yongle died in 1424, no maritime activity was permitted until 1430. I believe the map was prepared a guide shortly before the last grand voyage of 1430. By the time of Ricci, the Tea-Horse routes have lost their significance. There is no point in labeling them on a world map. Other evidence using place names of Africa also indicates the completion date of this map is no later than 1440. This part discussed in my book will not be elaborate in here. http://www.asiawind.com/china-mapped-the-world-before-columbus/1602-world-map-drawn-by-chinese-in-1430/ Chinese World Map in 1430 1602 World Map drawn by Ming Chinese in 1430 Siu-Leung Lee, PhD Background Year 1430 is the year when the great Chinese admiral Zheng He commenced the 7th and the last voyage in his 28-year career of exploring the world. He was first commissioned by Emperor Zhu Di (朱棣) in 1405 to launch a series of voyages for many reasons, mainly to establish trading relationship with other nations. Zhu Di is historically one of the most ambitious emperors who wants to accomplish great things in his reign. This workaholic emperor left his marks in the Forbidden City, major part of the Great Wall, the first Imperial collection of all books ever published (永樂大典), and the magnificent pagoda (大報恩寺, destroyed in 1856) in Nanjing in memory of his mother, each one an unprecedented achievement. Zheng He completed 6 major voyages between 1405 and 1424. Upon Zhu Di’s death in 1424, all marine activities came to a halt. The next emperor Zhu Gaochi (朱高熾) resumed maritime ban. Zhu Gaochi’s reign lasted for only one year. His son Zhu Zhanji (朱瞻基) became Emperor Xuande (宣德) in 1426. By early 1430, Zhu Zhanji realized that fewer and fewer nations were visiting Ming China to trade. These little countries had no means of transportation to China without Ming’s fleet. Finally Emperor Xuande issued an edict, dispatching Zheng He for his last voyage to re-establish trading relations. Upon the death of Zhu Zhanji, Ming resumed the maritime ban again until 1567. The period of maritime ban 1435-1567 is significant in dating the construction of the 1602 map. Every one of the seven voyages employed a crew of about 27,000 people on hundreds of large ships, some as big as a small aircraft carrier in World War II. The fleet was divided up in smaller groups on different routes. Some of the journeys lasted two to three years. With a total of 200,000 man-trips, the Ming exploration is at a capacity more than 1000-fold of any of the European explorers. Unfortunately, most of Zheng He’s records were destroyed in wars during the transition of Ming and Qing, and the invasion of foreign powers in the 19th-20th century. The remaining records show Kenya as the farthest nation reached by Zheng He. This could hardly be convincing. Maritime “Porcelain Road” between China and West Asia started in Han dynasty (206 BCE – 22o CE). By Tang dynasty (618-907), Chinese porcelain with Islam design are already popular exports. With the support of a nation that owns 1/2 to 2/3 of the world’s GDP at that time, if Zheng He only achieved the same or less than what his predecessors did hundreds of years ago, he would not be qualified as the greatest mariner ever. The actual completion date of the 1602 Map is ~1430 Above Spain on the 1602 Map, there is a note that says “This is Europe…. It has never established relations with China until 70 some years ago.” That is the secret. 1602Spain While there were trading with Europe as far back as Han dynasty through the silk Road, the official relations of China and Europe was only established in Yuan dynasty (1271-1368) when a 50-clergyman Papal legation led by Giovanni de Marignolli visited China. They reached Beijing in 1342 and exchanged credentials with the Yuan Emperor. After staying for a few years, they were escorted back to Europe in 1347. Seventy some years from that period would fall between 1412 and 1426, exactly the time of Zheng He’s voyages. If this note was written by Ricci when he completed the map in 1602, seventy some years before 1602 would be 1522-32, which is a period of maritime ban. If the statement referred to the maps Ortelius and Mercator, it would trace back to 1500, still in the maritime ban period. This statement excludes the authorship of Ricci and his adaptation of Ortelius and Mercator maps. This statement could be written only by Ming Chinese at the peak of Zheng He’s voyages. The geography of Europe on the 1602 Map is obviously from the exchange between the Pope and the Yuan Khan. The Hereford Mappa Mundi dated around 1300 CE is representative of the cartography of this period. It should reflect the knowledge earlier than 1338 when Marignoli left for China. During Marignoli’s journey, the Pope was in Avignon (1309-1378), corroborating with the absence of the Papal States in Italy on the 1602 Map. That is also a period before Tuscany and Florence became well known in Renaissance. That also explains why the Italy is badly shaped. It would take another 200 years for European cartography to reach the development of Ortelius and Mercator. The colonial cities Veracruz(1519), Acapulco (1530), Sao Paulo (1532), Buenos Aires(1536), and Rio de Janeiro(1565) are all absent on the 1602 Map. Even though these are significant events in European history, Ricci did not update it on the map. For America, Ricci merely supplied names such as New Hispania (新以西把你亞), New France (新佛朗察), North America (北阿墨利加), South America (南阿墨利加). China of Yongle and Xuande The brevity of Europe and erroneous Italy on the 1602 Map are in sharp contrakywgqt-NEChinast to the detailed China with names associated with Yongle and Xuande’s reign. In northeast China, names along the route of Yongle’s campaign against Mongolians are labeled. Some of these names don’t even qualify as villages. They are merely landmarks of Yongle’s battles. A revealing name is Yu Mu Chuan (榆木川), the place where Yongle died in 1424 on his way back from his last campaign. Other than that, there is no significance for this name. The map has to be drawn after 1424, the year Emperor Yongle died. kywgqt-SWChina A number of names in southwest China on the 1602 Map are only important during Yongle reign. These names were established by Yongle to resolve some local conflicts. In addition, they are landmarks along the Tea-Horse Route of Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi for transporting goods from the maritime trade. The name Annan (安南) is another time stamp. Vietnam was called Jiaozhi (交趾)when it was a protectorate of China, and Annan when it was more independent. Vietnam was under the administration of Ming court most of the time until Xuande pronounced Vietnam a self - kywgqt-Annan-Jiaozhi governing state Annan(安南) in 1428. In the 1602 Map, Vietnam is named Annan, including Jiaozhi as the old name. The inclusion of Jiaozhi only happened shortly after 1428, showing the date of completion of the map. One hundred fifty years later when Ricci was visiting China, the name Jiaozhi was dropped. The above two events indicate that the map was drawn shortly after 1428. Since Yongle died in 1424, no maritime activity was permitted until 1430. I believe the map was prepared a guide shortly before the last grand voyage of 1430. By the time of Ricci, the Tea-Horse routes have lost their significance. There is no point in labeling them on a world map. Other evidence using place names of Africa also indicates the completion date of this map is no later than 1440. This part discussed in my book will not be elaborate in here. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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