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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Clyde Winters: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova:Good info Patrol. In essence also kills Clyde's Nubian origin claim for the Dravidians. [/QB][/QUOTE]LOL. This does nothing to defeat the reality that the Dravidians originated in Nubia and the Indo-Europeans invaded India between 1200-1000BC. The appearence of Grey ware in India document the Aryan Invasion Theory (AIT). The archaeological literature and Vedas make it clear that the Aryans invaded India. Moreover the genetic evidence shows a separation between Dravidian and Indo-Aryan speakers around the time the Indo-European people invaded India. The study by Reich et al, Reconstructing Indian population history, Nature 461:489-494 claims that the Indian Cline divides Indians into two groups Ancestral North Indians (ANI) and Ancestral South Indians (ASI). [qoute] Abstract India has been underrepresented in genome-wide surveys of human variation. We analyse 25 diverse groups in India to provide strong evidence for two ancient populations, genetically divergent, that are ancestral to most Indians today.[b] One, the 'Ancestral North Indians' (ANI), is genetically close to Middle Easterners, Central Asians, and Europeans, whereas the other, the 'Ancestral South Indians' (ASI),[j] is as distinct[/i] from ANI and East Asians as they are from each other.[/b] By introducing methods that can estimate ancestry without accurate ancestral populations, we show that ANI ancestry ranges from 39–71% in most Indian groups, and is higher in traditionally upper caste and Indo-European speakers. Groups with only ASI ancestry may no longer exist in mainland India. However, the indigenous Andaman Islanders are unique in being ASI-related groups without ANI ancestry. Allele frequency differences between groups in India are larger than in Europe, reflecting strong founder effects whose signatures have been maintained for thousands of years owing to endogamy. We therefore predict that there will be an excess of recessive diseases in India, which should be possible to screen and map genetically. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2842210/pdf/nihms137159.pdf [/quote] The latest Moorjani et al, supports a split between the ANI and ASI populations. See: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3769933/ [QUOTE] News: India's Fragmented Society Was Once a Melting Pot Fri Aug 9, 2013 11:36 pm (PDT) . Posted by: "Robert Karl Stonjek" r_karl_s India's Fragmented Society Was Once a Melting Pot 2013-08-08 12:00 Moorjani et al., Am J Hum Genet (2013) Mix and then match. Ancient Indians from the north (ANI) and south (ASI) of India first intermarried widely and then began sticking to their own groups. "In India we celebrate the commonality of major differences, " wrote the celebrated author Shashi Tharoor about his native country. "We are a land of belonging rather than of blood." Indeed, India's 1.24-billion- strong population is one of the world's most diverse, with 700 ethnic and language groups and possibly many more, depending on how they are counted. Today, most of these groups keep pretty much to themselves, only rarely marrying outsiders. But a new study concludes that several thousand years ago, the entire subcontinent underwent a period of massive intermarriage, shuffling its population&# 39;s genetic deck so thoroughly that it left clear traces-even in the genomes of today's most isolated tribes. In recent years, genetic studies of modern Indians have provided a host of new insights into the ancient history of this sprawling nation, which harbors nearly one-sixth of the world's population. A key finding, reported in 2009 by a team led by geneticist David Reich of Harvard Medical School in Boston, was that most Indians today are descendants of two major population groups: Ancestral North Indians (ANI), who probably migrated into the subcontinent 8000 or more years ago from the Middle East, Central Asia, and Europe; and Ancestral South Indians (ASI), who were native to the region and had been there much longer. The study also showed that these two groups began to mix at some point in the past, although just when was not clear. The results, reported online today in The American Journal of Human Genetics, paint a complex picture:[b] Beginning about 4200 years ago, ANI and ASI populations, which previously had kept mostly separate, began mating together, a flurry of intermarriage that probably lasted more than 2 millennia.[/b] Then, beginning about 1900 years ago or somewhat later, mating patterns shifted dramatically. Local populations became entrenched, eschewing intermarriage with other groups and adopting a cultural pattern of what researchers call endogamy, the practice of marrying only within an ethnic or social group. "There was a major demographic transformation in India from a region where mixture was pervasive to one in which it is very rare because of a shift to endogamy," says lead author Priya Moorjani, a geneticist at Harvard Medical School. "The most remarkable aspect of the ANI-ASI mixture is how pervasive it was, in the sense that it has left its mark on nearly every group in India," Moorjani and her co-workers write. What accounts for this pattern? The team points out that the period of intermarriage overlaps with a time of huge social upheavals in India, including the collapse of the ancient Indus civilization- which thrived on the Indian subcontinent between about 2600 B.C.E. and 1900 B.C.E.-as well as large-scale population movements and the rise of the Vedic religion, the predecessor of modern Hinduism. But after 1900 years ago, India's caste system became a major cultural force, the team concludes, based on its new genetic findings and confirmed by evidence from ancient religious texts. The system rigidly defined four social classes, with the Brahmans at the top and the Sudras at the bottom. Intermarriage was not allowed between them. The Rig-Veda, India's oldest surviving text and a founding document of ancient Hinduism, does not mention the caste system in its earliest sections, probably written some 3000 years ago; only much later are references to it found. The team agrees that more needs to be done and suggests that ancient DNA studies of prehistoric burials-which would give scientists a finer grained picture of population mixing in the ancient past-could be the next step in this ongoing research. Source: Science http://news. sciencemag. org/2013/ 08/india% E2%80%99s- fragmented- society-was- once-melting- pot __._,_.___ [/QUOTE]This genomic evidence is further support for Aryan Invasion Theory and Dravidian founding of the Harappan civilization. This is a great paper it supports the two wave migration of Indo-Europeans into India. Moorjani et al found that I-E speakers had two periods of admixture. This corresponds to the archaeological evidence that I-E speakers using painted grey ware migrated into Baluchistan and Gujarat according to Raman, and Joshi between 1300-1000BC. The archaeological evidence makes it clear that a second wave of I-E speakers using PGW enter the Gangetic Plains between 800-600 BC. The ANI are related to western Eurasians and speak Indo-Euopean languages. The ASI on the otherhand speak Dravidian languages. This genetic data clearly divides the North and South Indians, and supports AIT; and the replacement of an original Dravidian speaking people in the north by the invading Indo-Aryan speaking Vedic people. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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