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My take on the possibility of Abu Bakr II reaching the Americas
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [QB] keeping in mind if what looks like "D" was intended "C" it adds to your argument my references first recording "D" followed by his remarks on it and other issues ___________________________ A number of sources record "Rex Bubeder" list http://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=rex+bubeder&num=10 examples: 1) L'Afrique à la naissance de la cartographie moderne: les cartes majorquines ... By Yoro K. Fall p187 http://books.google.com/books?id=Z_8GZo5NHFsC&pg=PA187&dq=rex+bubeder&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PV6nUoPoMKTisASW8YKwDA&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=rex%20bubeder&f=false Une mention indique sans aucune represenatation iconagraphique correspondant: Rex Bubuder Rey de organa Esta continuadament en gera en batala de altres sarayns so es asaber ap aquels de nubia et daltres alarabs, e sapiats que totes estes partides son arenoses ay grans bondancies de datils de les montanies Une mention indique sans aucune represenatation iconagraphique correspondant: Rex Bubuder Une mention indique sans aucune representation iconographique correspondant Nous discernons dans ces commentaries differentess conceptions: le musa melli apparait non plus comme le souverain de Milli mais de guineua. S'Agit-il d'une transcription de Ghana ou de Melli mais de gunea Cham apparait Musa Melli n'est plus seulement un soverign musulman mais aussi un decendant de Cham . L'auter de la carte attribue la guinneua aux descendants de Cham et L'Afrique a Affer,Il y a la une contradition due aux pesanteurs que constituaient les traditions geographies et les mythes genealogiques medievaux 2) Boletín de la Academia Nacional de la Historia 1992, p 341 http://books.google.com/books?id=nhsaAAAAYAAJ&q=rex+bubeder&dq=rex+bubeder&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VV2nUr-GCefRsAS27IEY&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ y a un jefe nómade, sobre un camello, Rex Bubeder. En el planisferio de Cantino, de 1502, vemos en el Africa la Tierra del Rey de Nubia, enemigo de los cristianos en continua lucha con el Preste Juan. El mapamundi de Martellus era muy 3) Nueva Historia Del Descubrimiento de América, 1998 p 439 http://books.google.com/books?id=eXkLAAAAYAAJ&q=rex+bubeder&dq=rex+bubeder&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VV2nUr-GCefRsAS27IEY&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAg el de Nubia (Rex ünubia), el Preste Juan (Pcstre Joha), el Rex Musameli, emperador mandinga, dueño del oro del Sudán, y un jefe nómade, sobre un camello, Rex Bubeder. En el planisferio de Cantino.de 1502, vemos en el Africa la Tierra ... 4) 10. Kartographiehistorisches Colloquium: Bonn, 14.-16. September 2000 : Vorträge, Berichte, Posterbeiträge http://books.google.com/books?id=U39OAQAAIAAJ&q=rex+bubeder&dq=rex+bubeder&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VV2nUr-GCefRsAS27IEY&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA Neben dem „Pestre 1oha" (Priester Johannes) stellt sie „Lo Solda“ (Sultan von Ägypten) dar, außerdem „Rex Organa“ ... mit dem königlichen Titel „Rex Bubeder " benannt wurde, aber ohne die Insignien des Machthabers abgebildet wurde. ______________________________________ ___________________________________________ select quotes from correspondance "The label is "Rex Bubecer". I guess it can look like "Bubeder" to some readers, since the gold paint flowed and closes the C. But it is not a D. The only other clear "D" on the Mecia chart (in "Lo Solda") and it is very clearly pinched with a straight edge on the left and very pronounced serifs, which the alleged D in "Bubeder" clearly doesn't have. It is "Rex Bubecer", the gold ink flowed to close the c, and has been misread." Illuminators don't always correct mistakes - indeed, they rarely do. The amount of typographical errors you'll find in 15th & 16th C. charts is legion. You'll find plenty of whopping writing mistakes, and mistakes to correct mistakes, that linger from chart to chart (e.g. "Judia" shoals rewritten as "India" shoals, or "Diogo Fernandes" as "Domingo Frias", or "Diogo Lopes" as "Dom Galopes"). It's not a big deal. It doesn't look like the D in "Lo Solda". It looks like a C, which was closed either by leaking or by mistake of the illuminator. . Viladestes may really have meant to depict some unheard-of "Bubeder", a name not present in any Arab or European sources That said, the text underneath reinforces it: Mecia de Viladestes writes (to the best of readings, as it is blurry): "Tota aquesta partida, tenen gens que van embocats qe nols veu hom sino los uils e van en tendes, e fan cavalcades am camells e ay moltes besties qui an non çalams de aquel quyr, fan les targes les quals apelen mosifes", which is an almost-direct transcription of the inscription in the 1375 Catalan Atlas, with the slight typographical difference that Mecia writes "çalams" where Cresques writes "lemp" and Mecia adds "mosifes". To translate: "In all these parts, you have people who veil themselves so only their eyes are seen and go in tents, and do cavalcades on camels, and many beasts called çalams (lemp in Cresques), from whose skins they make targets (i.e. bucklers/shields), which are called mosifes". Lemp = lamth/lamt = Saharan oryx. The Almoravid shields were famously made of oryx skin, that were repeatedly commented on by contemporaries; so much that the primary constituent tribe was called the "Lamtuna". (On a side-note, in a famous tale, in the 1080s, when Alfonso VI of Castile was raiding the district of Moorish Seville, and mockingly demanded entrance into the city because "I need to rest, I am tired from so much raiding in the hot sun", the Andalusian governor replied menancingly "Don't fret. I intend to soon provide a shadowy spot for you to rest, under a canopy made from the hide of a lamt" (i.e. he had just invited the Almoravids over from Morocco). The term "Bubeder" is certainly not "Berber". The latter term existed in the Catalan at the time, and referred to all North African populations, especially the coastal populations of the Mediterranean ("Barberia"). The desert-dwelling pops of the interior were usually distinguished as "Sanhaja" or "Zenaga" or some variant thereof (e.g. the Portuguese chronicles of the 15th C. refer to them consistently only as "Azenegues"). The "King of Barbaria" would lead one to think of the rulers of the coastal states of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, not the interior desert-dwellers (And Viladestes certainly knows how to spell "Berber" - in the inscription southwest of Rex Organa, he gives the fanciful etymology of the term "Africa" - he explains that it is named after "King Afer, son of Abraham" who ruled "all of barberia" ("tota la barberia") from Egypt ("Cairo river") to Morocco ("cape of the Gazzula"). The whole thing is just one calfskin, 85 cm x 115 cm. The font is miniscule, as are the pictures. Each of these kings is about half-a-finger tall. It's amazing that he managed to squeeze in the detail he did. The 1413 Viladestes map is a very rich and informative map. Indeed, it is the best and most complete document we have of the full state of European knowledge about Africa before the launch of Portuguese naval expeditions down the African coast in the 1440s. However, Europeans had no direct knowledge of the African interior. No European had ever traveled there (or returned to tell about it) until Leo Africanus in the 16th C. All the locations are speculative. Viladestes derived them third hand, from Arab chroniclers (al-Bakri, al-Idrisi, Ibn Abi Zar, Ibn Idhari, Ibn Khaldun, etc.), most of whom, in turn, relied on other travelogues. For this objective, you only use one illustration. Now, Musa happens to be the best-known Emperor of Mali - indeed, the only Emperor of Mali Europeans of the time heard about. If not for his celebrated trip to Egypt, they likely wouldn't have heard the Musa name, and Viladestes would have drawn him as an anonymous archetype, like the kings of Nubia, Organa et al. The depicted Abu Bakr can't be the predecessors or successors of Musa. He wouldn't have known them. At any rate, Viladestes isn't trying to draw individuals or dynasties. He's trying to draw locations. And you don't use two figures to show the location of one place. And he would be wrongly located. Our camel-rider is north of Takrur and west of Sudan - that is well outside of the Mali empire. Indeed, he is exactly located, smack-dab, in the homeland of the Lamtuna - the dominions of Abu Bakr ibn Umar. It doesn't matter that Abu Bakr the man is already dead - and has been dead for centuries. Musa the man is also dead. Prester John never existed as a man. And who knows whether the kings of Nubia, Organa depicted are still alive. He is using legendary names associated with interior kingdoms, names that European might recognize Why doesn't he use a more recent Lamtuna emir than Abu Bakr? Because he doesn't know any more recent names. The Arab chronicles don't bother with the successors of Abu Bakr. At best, one of them mentions his empire was split between five sons after his death, but that is all. It falls silent thereafter. But the chronicles do dote over the life and deeds of Abu Bakr in very much detail. (Remember: the Almoravids split their dominions c.1072 between north and south empires. The northern empire, led by cousin Yusuf ibn Tasfhin, covered Morocco and Spain, and that was lost to the Almohads in the mid-12th C. But the southern empire, led by Abu Bakr, was never conquered by anyone we heard of. As far anyone in Europe at the time knew, the southern Almoravid empire of Abu Bakr, the empire centered in the Lamtuna homelands, was still intact and kicking.) (Side note: it is interesting to note in the 1413 map Abu Bakr is going to a town called "Sudam". There is no town of that name. "Sudan" is the Arabic name of the whole region. Mecia de Viladestes didn't realize that. And as the chroniclers wrote repeatedly how Abu Bakr conquered "Sudan" in the 1080s, Viladestes imagined that was a town he captured, and has him marching on it.) So all this context - the location of the figure on the map, in Lamtuna territory, above Takrur, marching on "Sudan", the camel, the Sanhaja outfit, the knotted whip, the inscription describing the veil, the lamt shields, the Massufa label - all identify this camel-rider as the emir of the southern Almoravid empire. And Abu Bakr ibn Umar is the only such emir Arab chroniclers mentioned, and the only one Europeans would have heard of. And the label "Rex Bubecar" is just the cherry on top to confirm it. The knotted whip is also emphatically Almoravid - as noted by Norris (1971), Messier (2010) and others, a central instrument of their strict religious discipline, introduced by the imam Abdallah ibn Yasin. No other theory works. And no one in your citations has offered any other. You may insist on reading it as "Rex Bubeder", but it makes no sense, it supplies no meaning and goes against the inscription and context. By that token, you might as well insist on reading "Desgrelona" in the east rather than "Pestre Joha". If you ignore the context, you might be satisfied with that. And if you think our camel-riding Almoravid emir isn't drawn precisely enough, I wonder what you would reply to the suggestion that the white Latin bishop was an Ethiopian emperor! [/QB][/QUOTE]
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