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The Meroitic language is deciphered and it is a Nilo-Saharan (black African) language
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Clyde Winters: [QB] Ancient Egypt was probably a multi-ethnic society like the United States where people speak different mother tongues, in addition to English. Riggs and Baines have suggested that distinctive types of burial and pottery assemblages associated with different periods of Egyptian history may indicate the acculturation of people with different ethnic backgrounds into Egyptian society, who may have continued to distinguish their ethnic identity. This would explain why each sepat or nome had its own god, while the nation had its on god recognized by the Egyptians, e.g., first Ra and later with the New Kingdom kings the god Amma/Ammon. Biggs and Baines (2012) wrote: “…any notion that the ancient Egyptian population was ethnically unified should be abandoned as a fiction projected by the dominant ideology and often largely accepted by Egyptologists.” Since the Assyrians first conquered the Egyptians there has been a slow replacement of ancient Egyptians by Middle Eastern and Western European peoples. Beginning with the Assyrian defeat of the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty large number of nomadic people from the Middle East began to migrate into Egypt. These people began to take over many Egyptian settlements, while other Egyptians fled to Nubia and Kush to avoid non-Egyptian rule. Other ancient Egyptian caused political and military conflicts that led many Egyptians to migrate out of Egypt into Nubia and Kush. Herodotus’ mentions the mutiny of Psamtik I’s frontier garrison at Elephantine—these deerters moved into Kush. Moreover, the archaizing trend in Kush among the post Twenty-Fifth Dynasty Kings testfy to a possible large migration of Egyptians into Kush. In 343 BC Nectanebos II, fled to Upper Egypt. Later according to the Natasen period stela we evidence of other Egyptians migrating into Kush from Egypt (Torok, 1997, p.391). Between the 260’s-270’s BC Upper Egyptian Nationalists were fighting the Ptolemy (Greek) rulers of Egypt. The rebellion was put down by Ptolemy II. This military action led to Egyptians migrating out of Egypt into Kush (Torok, pp.395-396). These rebellions continued in Egypt into the 2nd Century BC (Torok, p.426). Between Ptolomy II and Ptolemy V, the Greeks began to settle Egypt. This was especially true in the 150’sBC and led to many Egyptians migrating back into Egypt. By the time the Romans entered Egypt, many Egyptians had already left Egypt and settled. Roman politics also forced many Egyptians to migrate into Kush. This was compounded by the introduction of the Pax Agusta policy of the Romans which sought the establishment of Roman hegemony within territories under Roman rule (Torok, 454-456). This led to the emigration of many Romans into Egypt. Just like Egypt, and most African countries today, Kush was a multi-ethnic society. It included speakers of many languages within the empire. During most of Kushite history the elites used Egyptian for record keeping since it was recognized as a neutral language. As more and more Egyptians, led by Egyptian nationalists, fled to Kush as it became under foreign dominantion the Egyptians formed a large minority in the Empire. Because of Egyptian migrations to Kush, by the rule of the Meroitic [b]Queen Shanakdakheto,[/b] we find the Egyptian language abandoned as a medium of exchange in official records, and the Meroitic script takes its place. By the rise of Greeks in Egypt, the cultural ideology , like the people were changing. This is supported by the transition from Demotic writing (7th 5th Centuries BC) to Coptic (4th BC-AD 1400). The Coptic people are the best evidence for the change in the Egyptian population due to the change in the Egyptian population. Reference: Riggs, Christina; & Baines, John. (2012). Ethnicity. UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1). nelc_uee_8704. Retrieved from: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/32r9x0jr . [/QB][/QUOTE]
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