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The Ancient Egyptian state had an indigenous African origin (latest studies)
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate: [qb] [b]The population history of the Nile (late Pleistocene to Dynastic time) [/b] Below a nice recap of various archeological studies about the regional continuity of the Nile populations. It was taken from a study posted below. [QUOTE] The population history of the Nile has been of considerable recent interest and focuses on two competing hypotheses. The first suggests that the Egyptian dynasties developed in situ from the earlier Predynastic and Neolithic populations represented at sites such as el-Badari. The second scenario suggests that migration of people from western Asia led to the development of the Egyptian state (Petrie, 1920, 1939; Kantor, 1965). [b]In general, the archaeological evidence suggests that the Egyptian state had an indigenous origin[/b] (Hassan, 1988). Two recent studies provide evidence for population dynamics in the Nile Valley throughout the Holocene. Zakrzewski (2007) demonstrates evidence for [b]broad population continuity through time on the basis of craniometric variation, with some level of population movement[/b] . Several recent analyses of dental variation come to essentially the same conclusion (Irish, 2005, 2006; Schillaci et al., 2009). Thus, in the most general terms, there is strong evidence for population continuity along the Nile from the late Palaeolithic through the Egyptian Empire. However, the diffusion of agricultural technologies into the Nile from other regions, and the subsequent trade networks of the Egyptian empire, would have undoubtedly brought with it people and genes from other regions to varying extents through time and space. [/QUOTE]Main points: 1 - In general, the archaeological evidence suggests that [b]the Egyptian state had an indigenous origin[/b] 2 - Craniometry (and Dental variation) demonstrate broad population continuity through time on the basis of craniometric variation, with some level of population movement 3 - [b]Strong evidence for population continuity along the Nile from the late Palaeolithic through the Egyptian Empire with some level of population movement[/b] 4 - Trade networks of the Egyptian empire, would have undoubtedly brought with it people and genes from other regions to varying extents through time and space. So the main point here for us, is the STRONG evidence for population continuity in the Nile region from the late Pleistocene through the Egyptian Empire. Taken from this study: [i]Body Size, Skeletal Biomechanics, Mobility and Habitual Activity from the Late Palaeolithic to the Mid-Dynastic Nile Valley. [/i] Got it from here: (www.) pave.bioanth.cam.ac.uk/pdfs/033-Stock(2011HBTA)NileBiomechSize.pdf (you need to add the www. to the address, the forum doesn't allow me to post the full address) The study by itself is also interesting as it analyses the consequences on the body of ancient specimens of the transition in the Nile from different lifestyles (hunting-gathering, pastoral, agriculture, etc). We can also see it here: [IMG]http://i1079.photobucket.com/albums/w513/Amunratheultimate/Misc/Climate-controlledoccupationintheEasternSaharaduringthemain.jpg[/IMG] The peopling of the Nile was the product of the populations in the A map, from inner Africa, from the South, which expanded in the Sahara and then went back along the Nile to settle down during the desertification of the Sahara in search of greener pastures. [/qb][/QUOTE]^^Good data find. Stock's writing has been noted before but your article lays out the things in 22 pages- not a summary but in detail- confirming other data in multiple lines of evidence. I have no problem with them saying that in pre-dynastic times there must have been some outside movement into Egypt. Sure. After all in the pre-dynastic, before the rise of the formal dynasties there was trade and warfare in what is now Palestine, etc. And nomads of various sorts could always have infiltrated. Small scale movement of war captives, merchants or nomads is always possible, but they would be minor players in terms of the overall population. THis article is important in that it also contradicts those who try to use body mass as an end run marker of some sort of huge Kakakzoid influx into the Nile Valley. But as Stock et al indicate, changes in body mass are also associated with the transition to agriculture- which includes high production foraging and sedentism based on that. The Nile Valley peoples did not need NEar Eastern crops, animals or people to boost food output. Such imports indeed helped but a productive food base was already in place without relying on the "Middle East." And, No "wandering Caucasoids" are needed to give the natives variation in how they look. Of interest is the role of diseases that cause reduction in stature and body size, again associated with transition to agriculture. Agriculture can be positive and negative as far as health- and yield a fluctuating pattern. Again, there is no fundamental need to look to mass influxes from "the Middle East" to explain fluctuations in body size. [i]"In this study, skeletal measures of body size were analysed to evaluate the long-term impact of the transition to agriculture in the Nile Valley. It has previously been noted that the transition to agriculture in the Nile, Valley is associated with a deterioration and subsequent improvement in health, as reflected by a dramatic increase in the frequency of linear enamel hypoplasia between the Jebel Sahaba and el-Badari samples, followed by a reduction in frequencies in subsequent populations of the Nile, including the Kerma sample (Starling and Stock, 2007). Here, we demonstrate that this transition is also associated with a modest reduction and subsequent improvement in stature and body mass. This trend could be broadly interpreted in the contextof models of a relationship between body size and nutrition. In this case, the greater body size of early hunter-gatherers may reflect the benefit of broadly-based hunting and gathering subsistence. With the onset of the Neolithic, the dietary diversity of hunter-gatherers is replaced with dietary specialization on one or a few cereal crops and the products of domestic animals. The potential nutritional implications of this are further compounded by the potential transmission of zoonotic diseases associated with living in close proximity to domestic animals, as well as related increases in population density and poor hygiene. Increasing sedentism and population density are almost universally associated with increases in infectious disease (Cohen, 1989; Steckel and Rose, 2002; Stuart-Macadam and Kent, 1992) and may underpin the reduction in stature in the Predynastic Period."[/i] [IMG]http://img9.imageshack.us/img9/2014/nativenutrition.jpg[/IMG] tropical redact sez: [b]“The inclusion of both early and late samples from Nubia was a necessity of the current study, which may have some implications for interpretation. Most early work considered Upper and Lower Egyptians to be genetically-distinct populations; however, more recent analyses suggest that these populations are not sufficiently distinct to consider either non-indigenous (Zakrzewski, 2007). A craniometric study found the Kerma population to be morphologically similar to a Lower Egyptian Predynastic population (Keita, 1990). Thus, while they may have existed on the margins of the growing Egyptian empire, their inclusion in comparisons of earlier Nubians and Nile Valley Predynastic samples appear warranted.” (p17)[/b] ^^Good point, glad you highlight it. Again, this contradicts artificial attempts to split off "Nubia" separately into some insinuated "race" format. The Nubians and the Egyptians are the closest people in the Nile Valley. It also defeats attempts to artificially split off Upper Egypt as "different" from the rest of Egypt. The authors point to craniometric data but limb data also show that in that early era the proportions of northerners group with African tropical types rather than Europeans (Kemp 2005) and even Raxter/Ruff (2008) who used mostly northern samples. [IMG]http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nDCVR8DGG1c/UseZNB_l84I/AAAAAAAAA3s/XDkY7Zm2qYM/s1600/raxterrufftrinkhauscombo.jpg[/IMG] Good work Amun-Ra. Keep expanding the base- keep accruing new data. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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