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Early Back-to-Africa Migration into the Horn of Africa, Hodgson, 2014
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor: If you like to copy-paste behind my back, then do it right. http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=8;t=008928;p=1#000016 http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=8;t=008928;p=1#000017 [QUOTE] [b]Our results demonstrate [b]an ancient local evolution[/b] in Tunisia of some African haplogroups (L2a, L3*, and L3b).[/b] [...] Since the end of the extreme Saharan desiccation, lasting from before 25,000 years ago up to about 15,000 years ago, [b]the Sahara has had post- and pre- Holocene cyclical climatic changes (Street and Grove 1976), and corresponding increases and decreases in population are probable. [/b]Wetter phases with better habitats perhaps allowed for increased colonization and gene and cultural exchange. [/QUOTE]--Frigi et al., 2010 Ancient Local Evolution of African mtDNA Haplogroups in Tunisian Berber Populations [/QUOTE]The above article is about the the African mtDNA Haplogroups in Tunisian berbers It is not about the Eurasian haplogroups in Tunisian berbers which is a serparate topic and at are higher mtDNA frequencies then local haplogroups. -when you read the article indtead of just the abstract [QUOTE]Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor: [QUOTE] Frequently termed Mechta-Afalou or Mechtoid, these were a skeletally robust people and[b] definitely African in origin[/b], though attempts, such as those of Ferembach (1985), to establish similarities with much older and rarer Aterian skeletal remains are tenuous given the immense temporal separation between the two (Close and Wendorf 1990). At the opposite end of the chronological spectrum, dental morphology does suggest connections with later Africans, including those responsible for the Capsian Industry (Irish 2000) and early mid-Holocene human remains from the western half of the Sahara (Dutour 1989), something that points to the Maghreb as one of the regions from which people recolonised the desert (MacDonald 1998). [/QUOTE]--Lawrence Barham The First Africans: African Archaeology from the Earliest Toolmakers to Most Recent Foragers (Cambridge World Archaeology) [/QUOTE]this is from a book, not primary research. Barham' reference is Joel Irish 2000 "Results revealed: (1) a relationship between the Iberomaurusians, particularly those from Taforalt, and later Maghreb and other North African samples, and [b](2) a divergence among contemporaneous Iberomaurusians and Nubian samples." --Joel Irish 2000 [/b] [QUOTE]Originally posted by The Explorer similarities in dental traits has no bearing on cranio-metric revelations that said coastal northwestern specimens do not form some homogeneous cranial type, which a number of researchers had been compelled to acknowledge, despite attempts to force them into a preconceived taxonomic type(s) spanning several of some or the other of the groups that Irish mentions above. For instance, as pointed out here before, Briggs came up with four "types" from his analysis of EpiPaleolithic and early Holocene Maghrebi specimens [including the so-called "Ibero-Maurusians" and so-called "Capsian" groups], three of which were described as "Mediterranean" sub-types, while the remainder was reckoned to be a mixture of these "Mediterranean" sub-types; these "types" were named respectively as follows: "Type A", "Type B", "Type C", and "Type D". Chamla on the other hand, came up with two primary "types" and a derivative type namely, the "Mectha-Afalou", the "Mediterranean" types (the "Proto Mediterranean"), and the "Mechtoids" respectively. The "Mechta-Afalou" were associated with the "Ibero-Maurusian" industry, while the latter two were associated with the "Capsian" industry, with the Mechtoids being representative of the Upper Capsian industry [which is interesting, considering that Chamla saw them as the "gracile" version of the "Mechta-Afalou" type, whom as noted, had been associated with "Ibero-Maurusian" industry]. [b]The "Mechta-Afalou" were considered to be generally more robust than the latter Capsian groups. [/b] It is not inconceivable that Mesolithic Maghrebi groups [who do not appear to be ancestors of recent Maghreb Tamazight or "Berber" speaking groups based on cranial findings and genetic material] may have interacted and exchanged genes with geographically proximate groups that "back-migrated" into the African continent [/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Univariate analyses distinguish Jebel Sahaba from European and circumpolar samples, but do not tend to segregate them from North or Sub-Saharan African samples. In contrast, multivariate analyses (PCA, PCO with minimum spanning tree, NJ and UPGMA cluster analyses) indicate that the body shape of the Jebel Sahaba hominins is closest to that of recent Sub-Saharan Africans, and different from that of either the Natufians or the northwest African “Iberomaurusian” samples. Importantly, these results corroborate those of[b] Irish (2000), who, using non-metric dental and osseous oral traits, found that Jebel Sahaba was most similar to recent Sub-Saharan Africans, and morphologically distinct from their contemporaries in other parts of North Africa. [/b]This study was funded in part by NSF (grant number SBR-9321339). Body proportions of the Jebel Sahaba sample. TRENTON W. HOLLIDAY1. [/QUOTE]In other words the Irish study cited in Barham's book leads to a conclsuion opposite to what you think it leads to [QUOTE]Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor: [QUOTE] [b] Large-scale climate change forms the backdrop to the beginnings of food production in northeastern Africa (Kröpelin et al. 2008).[[/b] Hunter-gatherer communities deserted most of the northern interior of the continent during the arid glacial maximum and took refuge along the North African coast, the Nile Valley, and the southern fringes of the Sahara (Barich and Garcea 2008; Garcea 2006; Kuper and Kröpelin 2006). [b]During the subsequent Early Holocene African humid phase, from the mid-eleventh to the early ninth millennium cal BP, ceramic-using hunter-gatherers took advantage of more favorable savanna conditions to resettle much of northeastern Africa (Holl 2005; Kuper and Kröpelin 2006). Evidence of domestic animals first appeared in sites in the Western Desert of Egypt, the Khartoum region of the Nile, northern Niger, the Acacus Mountains of Libya, and Wadi Howar[/b] (Garcea 2004, 2006; Pöllath and Peters 2007; fig. 1).[/QUOTE]--Fiona Marshall [/QUOTE]Iberomaurusians lived before the arid glacial maximum [QUOTE]Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor: Domestication Processes and Morphological Change Through the Lens of the Donkey and African Pastoralism Fiona Marshall and Lior Weissbrod [QUOTE] The great similarities between Taforalt and Hassi-el-Abiod men (malian Sahara) [/QUOTE]In: Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris, XIV° Série, tome 5 fascicule 4, 1988. pp. 247-256. TAFORALT MAN IN SAHARA : SAHARAN EXTENSION OF MAGHREBIAN [/QUOTE]Hassi-el-Abiod remains dated 7000 BP Taforalt specimins 12,000 BP (culture goes back further) The 89 cold adpated skeletons of Hassi-el-Abiod Mauritania are thought by the authors to be an extension of Taforalt, meaning coming from, there is 5000 years separating them [QUOTE]Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor: Reevaluating the Age of the Iberomaurusian in Morocco [QUOTE] [b] Large-scale climate change forms the backdrop to the beginnings of food production in northeastern Africa (Kröpelin et al. 2008).[[/b] Hunter-gatherer communities deserted most of the northern interior of the continent during the arid glacial maximum and took refuge along the North African coast, the Nile Valley, and the southern fringes of the Sahara (Barich and Garcea 2008; Garcea 2006; Kuper and Kröpelin 2006). [b]During the subsequent Early Holocene African humid phase, from the mid-eleventh to the early ninth millennium cal BP, ceramic-using hunter-gatherers took advantage of more favorable savanna conditions to resettle much of northeastern Africa (Holl 2005; Kuper and Kröpelin 2006). Evidence of domestic animals first appeared in sites in the Western Desert of Egypt, the Khartoum region of the Nile, northern Niger, the Acacus Mountains of Libya, and Wadi Howar[/b] (Garcea 2004, 2006; Pöllath and Peters 2007; fig. 1).[/QUOTE]--Fiona Marshall [/QUOTE]Iberomaurusians lived for 10,000 years before the arid glacial maximum [QUOTE]Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor: Domestication Processes and Morphological Change Through the Lens of the Donkey and African Pastoralism Fiona Marshall and Lior Weissbrod [QUOTE] [b][i]Evidence[/i] from throughout the Sahara indicates that the region experienced a cool, dry and windy climate during the last glacial period, followed by a wetter climate with the onset of the current interglacial, with humid conditions being fully established by around 10,000 years BP, when [b]we see the first evidence of a reoccupation of parts of the central Sahara by hunter gathers, most likely originating from sub-Saharan Africa [/b] (Cremaschi and Di Lernia, 1998; Goudie, 1992; Phillipson, 1993; Ritchie, 1994; Roberts, 1998). [...] Conical tumuli, platform burials and a V-type monument represent structures similar to those found in other Saharan regions and associated with human burials, appearing in sixth millennium BP onwards in northeast Niger and southwest Libya (Sivilli, 2002). In the latter area a shift in emphasis from faunal to human burials, complete by the early fifth millennium BP, has been interpreted by Di Lernia and Manzi (2002) as being associated with a changes in social organisation that occurred at a time of increasing aridity. While further research is required in order to place the funerary monuments of Western Sahara in their chronological context, we can postulate a similar process as a hypothesis to be tested, based on the high density of burial sites recorded in the 2002 survey. Fig. 2: Megaliths associated with tumulus burial (to right of frame), north of Tifariti (Fig. 1). A monument consisting of sixty five stelae was also of great interest; precise alignments north and east, a division of the area covered into separate units, and a deliberate scattering of quartzite inside the structure, are suggestive of an astronomical function associated with funerary rituals. Stelae are also associated with a number of burial sites, again suggesting dual funerary and astronomical functions (Figure 2). Further similarities with other Saharan regions are evident in the rock art recorded in the study area, although local stylistic developments are also apparent. Carvings of wild fauna at the site of Sluguilla resemble the Tazina style found in Algeria, Libya and Morocco (Pichler and Rodrigue, 2003), although examples of elephant and rhinoceros in a naturalistic style reminiscent of engravings from the central Sahara believed to date from the early Holocene are also present. [/QUOTE]--Nick Brooks et al. [/QUOTE]5th and 6th millenium is 5000 + years after Iberomaurusians Iberomaurusian culture is approximately 10 kya and lates approx 10 k as well [QUOTE] Population replacement. Population replacement rather than gradual phenotypic evolution best explains the distinctive craniofacial morphology and funerary practices of the human occupants during phases 2 and 3 in the early and mid-Holocene, respectively, particularly considering the relatively short intervening occupational hiatus. Early Holocene sedentism. The early Holocene occupants at Gobero (7700–6300 B.C.E.) Lakeside Cemeteries in the Sahara: 5000 Years of Holocene Population and Environmental Change Paul C. Sereno 2008 [/QUOTE] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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