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Early Back-to-Africa Migration into the Horn of Africa, Hodgson, 2014
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: Population replacement. Population replacement rather than gradual phenotypic evolution best explains the distinctive craniofacial morphology and funerary practices of the human occupants during phases 2 and 3 [/QUOTE]This part of the paper covers Gobero, which is in Niger, if I'm not mistaking. And it speaks of recent migrations in to that region, during phases 2 and 3. What are phase 2 and 3? [IMG]http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0002995.g003&representation=PNG_M[/IMG] Figure 3. Radiocarbon (14C AMS) dates for human skeletons, ceramics, charcoals, middens, fauna, artifacts and sediment. [QUOTE] Timelines and occupation phases 1–4 are shown at the bottom. Associated chronometric data are compiled in Table 2 using current atmospheric standards [55]. [b]All of the burials that have been dated at Gobero fall within phases 2 and 3, which are shown as green to indicate favorable humid climate conditions[/b]; more arid intervals are shown as tan including occupation phases 1 and 4. Multiple dates on individual specimens or features are boxed. A dotted line separates early and mid-Holocene human burials. Abbreviations: B.C.E., before current era (registered to calendar year zero); B.P., before present (1950); G1B8, burial 8 on G1; G1B11, burial 11 on G1; G3B8, burial 8 on G3; K, Kiffian; LT, Late Tenerean doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002995.g003 [/QUOTE] [QUOTE] 1)Early Holocene sedentism. The early Holocene occupants at Gobero (7700–6300 B.C.E.) were largely sedentary hunter-fisher-gatherers with lakeside funerary sites that include the earliest recorded cemetery in the Sahara dating to ~7500 B.C.E. 2)Trans-Saharan craniometry. Principal components analysis of craniometric variables closely allies the early Holocene occupants at Gobero, who were buried with Kiffian material culture, with Late Pleistocene to mid-Holocene humans from the Maghreb and southern Sahara referred to as Iberomaurusians, Capsians and “Mechtoids.” Outliers to this cluster of populations include an older Aterian sample and the mid-Holocene occupants at Gobero associated with Tenerean material culture. 3)Arid interruption. Early and mid-Holocene occupation phases 2 and 3 at Gobero are separated in time by a barren interval (6200–5200 B.C.E), which is associated with a period of severe aridification recorded across the Sahara. 4)Dietary diversification. Diversification of dietary resources, perhaps in response to increasing or episodic aridification, characterizes mid-Holocene subsistence strategies at Gobero (5200–2500 B.C.E.), as reflected in dated middens containing clams, fish, wild bovids and domesticated cattle. 5)Population replacement. Population replacement rather than gradual phenotypic evolution best explains the distinctive craniofacial morphology and funerary practices of the human occupants during phases 2 and 3 in the early and mid-Holocene, respectively, particularly considering the relatively short intervening occupational hiatus. 6)Regional differentiation. The timing of population change observed at Gobero may only characterize a restricted area. Other areas in the southern Sahara, even those with comparable environmental conditions such as Hassi-el-Abiod in Mali, appear to show a later transition between human populations. The data from Gobero, when combined with existing sites in North Africa, indicate we are just beginning to understand the complex history of biosocial evolution in the face of severe climate fluctuation in the Sahara, a vast region that was occupied for much of the Holocene by an anatomically diverse series of human populations. [/QUOTE]On the short intervening occupational hiatus, I recall Zarahan's evaluation. [IMG]http://img41.imageshack.us/img41/5948/northafricadefinition.jpg[/IMG] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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