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Early Back-to-Africa Migration into the Horn of Africa, Hodgson, 2014
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Troll Patrol # Ish Gebor: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [qb] [b]Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: Restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history[/b] Hisham Y. Hassan et al. 2008 Abstract We study the major levels of Y-chromosome haplogroup variation in 15 Sudanese populations by typing major Y-haplogroups in 445 unrelated males representing the three linguistic families in Sudan. Our analysis shows Sudanese populations fall into haplogroups A, B, E, F, I, J, K, and R in frequencies of 16.9, 7.9, 34.4, 3.1, 1.3, 22.5, 0.9, and 13% respectively. [b]A -16.69 B- 7.9 E -34.4 F -3.1 I -1.3 J - 22.5 K -0.9 R -13.0 [/b] Haplogroups A, B, and E occur mainly in Nilo-Saharan speaking groups including Nilotics, Fur, Borgu, and Masalit; whereas haplogroups F, I, J, K, and R are more frequent among Afro-Asiatic speaking groups including Arabs, Beja, Copts, and Hausa, and Niger-Congo speakers from the Fulani ethnic group. Mantel tests reveal a strong correlation between genetic and linguistic structures (r = 0.31, P = 0.007), and a similar correlation between genetic and geographic distances (r = 0.29, P = 0.025) that appears after removing nomadic pastoralists of no known geographic locality from the analysis. The bulk of genetic diversity appears to be a consequence of recent migrations and demographic events mainly from Asia and Europe, evident in a higher migration rate for speakers of Afro-Asiatic as compared with the Nilo-Saharan family of languages, and a generally higher effective population size for the former. The data provide insights not only into the history of the Nile Valley, but also in part to the history of Africa and the area of the Sahel. haplogroups F, I, J, K, and R are more frequent among Afro-Asiatic speaking groups _____________________________ keep in mind Northern and Southern Sudan differences, Arab population 30 million compare haplogroup frequencies to neigboring inland populations CAR and Chad, Doug remedial [/qb][/QUOTE]Can you explain why in clade (haplogroup BT) chromosomes C and R share a common ancestor? [QUOTE] This branching pattern, along with the geographical distribution of the major clades A, B, and CT, has been interpreted as supporting an African origin for anatomically modern humans,10 with Khoisan from south Africa and Ethiopians from east Africa sharing the deepest lineages of the phylogeny.15 and 16 [...] The deepest branching separates A1b from a monophyletic clade whose members (A1a, A2, A3, B, C, and [b]R[/b]) all share seven mutually reinforcing derived mutations (five transitions and two transversions, all at non-CpG sites). [...] [IMG]http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0002929711001649-gr2.jpg[/IMG] How does the present MSY tree compare with the backbone of the recently published “reference” MSY phylogeny?13 The phylogenetic relationships we observed among chromosomes belonging to haplogroups B, C, and[b] R [/b]are reminiscent of those reported in the tree by Karafet et al.13 [b]These chromosomes belong to a clade (haplogroup BT) in which chromosomes C and R share a common ancestor[/b] (Figure 2). [/QUOTE]--Fulvio Cruciani et al A Revised Root for the Human Y Chromosomal Phylogenetic Tree: [b]The Origin of Patrilineal Diversity in Africa[/b] (2011) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929711001649 [/QB][/QUOTE]
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