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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Troll Patrol # Ish Gebor: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [qb] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Clyde Winters: Pierron, et al (2013) proposes that haplogroup H entered Africa from the Middle East. Pierron et al, date the hg H older than 9k. They wrote: [QUOTE] The dates calculated from our data are in good agreement with this theory, since we dated the appearance of H and HV0 (ex pre-V) in the Middle East around 29,000 years before the Last Glacial Maximum. These haplogroups would then have been distributed throughout Europe. At the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, between 22,000 and 18,000 years BP, the H and HV0 haplogroups sheltered in the Franco-Cantabrian zone. Then the H1, (18,160 years BP), H3 (15,671 years BP), and V (16,428 years BP) haplogroups appeared as the climate started to improve and Europe was re-colonized. The U5b haplogroup also appeared (17,963 years BP) in the same area during that period. These four haplogroups re-populated Northern Europe in the same way as the haplogroups from the Southwest shelter zone. [/QUOTE]Clyde you say "Pierron, et al (2013) proposes that haplogroup H entered Africa from the Middle East" but the quote here doesn't even mention Africa [QUOTE]Originally posted by Clyde Winters: But the idea that hg H is the result of a back migration from Europe to Africa, does not agree with the distribution of hg H in Africa. It is clear from the map that hg H is not found in Egypt. This seems strange because if it had entered Africa as the result of a back migration there should be more carriers of hg H in Egypt. [/QUOTE]There would there be less carriers in Egypt because the migration is of Iberians to Africa across Gibralter [QUOTE]Originally posted by Troll Patrol # Ish Gebor [IMG]http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/01/06/article-2534730-1A746AE300000578-598_634x432.jpg[/IMG] [/QUOTE] http://www.pnas.org/content/111/3/954.full [b]Earliest evidence for caries and exploitation of starchy plant foods in Pleistocene hunter-gatherers from Morocco[/b] Louise T. Humphreya,1, Isabelle De Grootea,b, Jacob Moralesc,d, Nick Bartone, Simon Collcuttf, Christopher Bronk Ramseyg, and Abdeljalil Bouzouggarh,i Author Affiliations Charred aerial root (rhizome) fragments of esparto (alfa) grass (Stipa tenacissima L.) are common throughout the Grey Series samples. Leaves from esparto grass are a traditional material for basketry and rhizome fragments are a common by-product of this process. Charred rhizome fragments have been recorded at other prehistoric sites from the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco (25) http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-03fe0532-7e5f-3900-b7a0-32cf87b4d843 [25] Morales J, et al. (2013) [b]The origins of agriculture in North-West Africa: Macro-botanical remains from Epipalaeolithic and Early Neolithic levels of Ifri Oudadane (Morocco)[/b] This research aims to shed light on the early stages of agricultural development in Northern Africa through the analysis of the rich macro-botanical assemblages obtained from Ifri Oudadane, an Epipalaeolithic–Early Neolithic site from North-East Morocco. Results indicate the presence of domesticated plants, cereals (Hordeum vulgare, Triticum monococcum/dicoccum, Triticum durum and Triticum aestivum/durum) and pulses (Lens culinaris and Pisum sativum) in the Early Neolithic. One lentil has been dated to 7611 ± 37 cal BP representing the oldest direct date of a domesticated plant seed in Morocco and, by extension, in North Africa. Similarities in both radiocarbon dates and crop assemblages from Early Neolithic sites in Northern Morocco and the Iberian Peninsula suggest a simultaneous East to West maritime spread of agriculture along the shores of the Western Mediterranean. Wild plants were abundantly collected in both the Epipalaeolithic and the Early Neolithic periods pointing to the important role of these resources during the two periods. In addition to fruits and seeds that could have been consumed by both humans and domesticated animals, fragments of esparto grass (Stipa tenacissima) rhizomes have been identified. This is a western Mediterranean native plant that may have been used as a source of fibres for basketry. [QUOTE]Originally posted by Clyde Winters: . [IMG]http://olmec98.net/BadramtDNA.png[/IMG] . The map makes it clear that hg H is primarily found in Northwest and West Africa this would support the spread of hg into Europe via Iberia, rather than a back migration to Africa from the Middle East. Reference: Pierron D, Chang I, Arachiche A, Heiske M, Thomas O, et al. (2011) Mutation Rate Switch inside Eurasian Mitochondrial Haplogroups: Impact of Selection and Consequences for Dating Settlement in Europe. PLoS ONE 6(6): e21543. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021543 [/qb][/QUOTE]Pierron did not mention a back migration to Africa from the Middle East. He is saying that H spread all over Europe (22-16 Kya) from the Middle East ( origin 29 kya) -from Iberia it layer spread to North Africa and due to isolation it reaches it highest frequencies in the world in Libyan Turaegs ( who have low diversity of H) -as well as Taforalt Morocco The Y DNA of Tuaregs is primarily E However maternally: . Epub 2009 May 20. [b]First genetic insight into Libyan Tuaregs: a maternal perspective.[/b] Ottoni C1, Martínez-Labarga C, Loogväli EL, Pennarun E, Achilli A, De Angelis F, Trucchi E, Contini I, Biondi G, Rickards O. Abstract The Tuaregs are a semi-nomadic pastoralist people of northwest Africa. Their origins are still a matter of debate due to the scarcity of genetic and historical data. Here we report the first data on the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genetic characterization of a Tuareg sample from Fezzan (Libyan Sahara). A total of 129 individuals from two villages in the Acacus region were genetically analysed. Both the hypervariable regions and the coding region of mtDNA were investigated. Phylogeographic investigation was carried out in order to reconstruct human migratory shifts in central Sahara, and to shed light on the origin of the Libyan Tuaregs. Our results clearly show low genetic diversity in the sample, possibly due to genetic drift and founder effect associated with the separation of Libyan Tuaregs from an ancestral population. Furthermore, the maternal genetic pool of the Libyan Tuaregs is characterized by a major "European" component shared with the Berbers that could be traced to the Iberian Peninsula, as well as a minor 'south Saharan' contribution possibly linked to both Eastern African and Near Eastern populations. ...Of note is that the other Tuareg sample described in the literature (Watson et al., 1996) (Western Tuaregs) did not show a close genetic relationship with the Libyan Tuaregs, implying a genetic heterogeneity of the Tuaregs. This difference appears to be primarily caused by the low frequency (8%) of the European component in the Western Tuaregs, characteristic of northern African populations. After the removal of the H and V haplotypes, the Libyan Tuaregs showed a strong affiliation with the Eastern populations, while theWestern Tuaregs associated more with the Central and Western African populations (Fig. 2) ________________________________ ^^^ The Western Tuaregs here the Sahelain Tuaregs The Tuaregs are not homogeneous [/QB][/QUOTE][IMG]http://referentiel.nouvelobs.com/file/6816071-les-hommes-prehistoriques-avaient-deja-mal-aux-dents-et-mauvaise-haleine.jpg[/IMG] Above you'll see the profile of a Taforalt. Now, below is some data for you to skew on. You have some explaining to do. http://www.cell.com/cms/attachment/1077329/7908829/mmc2.xls http://www.nature.com/jhg/journal/v56/n9/extref/jhg201171x2.xls http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182259/table/TB1/ [QUOTE] Haplogroup L1b roots deeply in the human mtDNA phylogeny and has the characteristic motif [b]16126, 16187, 16189, 16223, [/b]16264, 16270, 116278, [b]16311. [/b] [...] Our results also point to a less ancient western African gene flow to Tunisia involving haplogroups L2a and L3b. Thus the sub-Saharan contribution to northern Africa starting from the east would have taken place before the Neolithic. The western African contribution to North Africa should have occurred before the Sahara’s formation (15,000 BP). [...] The dates for subhaplogroups H1 and H3 (13,000 and 10,000 years, respectively) in Iberian and North African populations allow for this possibility. Kefi et al.’s (2005) data on ancient DNA could be viewed as being in agreement with such a presence in North Africa in ancient times (about 15,000–6,000 years ago) and with the fact that the North African populations are considered by most scholars as having their closest relations with European and Asian populations (Cherni et al. 2008; Ennafaa et al. 2009; Kefi et al. 2005; Rando et al. 1998). How- ever, considering the general understanding nowadays that human settlement of the rest of the world emerged from eastern northern Africa less than 50,000 years ago, a better explanation of these haplogroups might be that their frequencies re- flect the original modern human population of these parts of Africa as much as or more than intrusions from outside the continent. The ways that gene frequencies may increase or decrease based on adaptive selection, gene flow, and/or social processes is under study and would benefit from the results of studies on autosomal and Y-chromosome markers. [/QUOTE]--Frigi et al. Ancient Local Evolution of African mtDNA Haplogroups in Tunisian Berber Populations [QUOTE] Within E-M35, there are striking parallels between two haplogroups, E-V68 and E-V257. Both contain a lineage which has been frequently observed in Africa (E-M78 and E-M81, respectively) [6], [8], [10], [13]–[16] and a group of undifferentiated chromosomes that are mostly found in southern Europe (Table S2). An expansion of E-M35 carriers, possibly from the Middle East as proposed by other Authors [14], and split into two branches separated by the geographic barrier of the Mediterranean Sea, would explain this geographic pattern. [b]However, the absence of E-V68* and E-V257* in the Middle East (Table S2) [/b]makes a maritime spread between northern Africa and southern Europe a more plausible hypothesis. A detailed analysis of the Y chromosomal microsatellite variation associated with E-V68 and E-V257 could help in gaining a better understanding of the likely timing and place of origin of these two haplogroups. [/QUOTE]--Beniamino Trombetta, Fulvio Cruciani et al. (2011) A New Topology of the Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) Revealed through the Use of Newly Characterized Binary Polymorphisms [QUOTE]This work develops a hypothesis on the origin of a cultural complex which was established in the southwest quadrant of the Iberian Peninsula around the transition from the IV to III millennium BC*. The rupture observed between the cultural groups studied herein and those proceeding them in southern Iberia can also be explained by other mechanisms not migratory movements but important accelerations in the change of human behavior. In addition, the close similarities with other peri-Mediterranean cultures may be due to convergence phenomena. The diffusionist explanation that we are presenting has previously been put forward based only on archeological arguments (Escacena et al. 1988). If we recall again the hypothesis that accredits the cultural dispersion to population movements, it is in order to offer an understanding for other studies, above all, genetic and linguistic ones, that support these connections of the North African world with the Iberian Peninsula during the recent prehistoric period. [/QUOTE]--J. L. Escacena Carrasco Prehistoric Iberia 2000, pp 125-162 Applications of Evolutive Archeology: Migrations from Africa to Iberia in the Recent Prehistory [QUOTE] Lalueza-Fox states:[b] "However, the biggest surprise was to discover that this individual possessed African versions in the genes that determine the light pigmentation of the current Europeans,[/b] which indicates that he had dark skin, although we can not know the exact shade." [/QUOTE] http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140126134643.htm [IMG]http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0016073.g001&representation=PNG_M[/IMG] [IMG]http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0016073.t001&representation=PNG_M[/IMG] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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