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Of course there were 'Horner' pharaohs
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by cass: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate: Cass the whole thing is a Red Herring anyway. All African populations and World populations for that matter are physically distinct from each others, while showing some similarities too. As we can see [URL=http://www.pnas.org/content/103/1/242.full]Here[/URL]: [IMG]http://www.pnas.org/content/103/1/242/F1.medium.gif[/IMG] Fig. 1. Neighbor-joining dendrogram for a series of prehistoric and recent human populations (Craniofacial measurements) [/QUOTE]Ok, i'll show you what is wrong with that study: [QUOTE]Many human craniofacial dimensions are largely of neutral adaptive significance, and an analysis of their variation can serve as an indication of the extent to which any given population is genetically related to or differs from any other.[/QUOTE]This is true (though remember we are only talking about population averages here). But what is not true is that you can find discrete population clusters, especially continental: [QUOTE]Neighbor-joining dendrogram for a series of prehistoric and recent human populations running from the western edge of the Eurasian continent and North Africa to the Middle East and down East Africa as far as Somalia, plus a sampling of Niger-Congo-speaking people from Gabon, Benin, and Tanzania in Sub-Saharan Africa.[/QUOTE]Look though at the [URL=http://www.pnas.org/content/103/1/242/T1.expansion.html] 52 reference samples[/URL] : they're mostly not from local areas, but covering large regions, or rather nations: Egypt, Greece, England etc. So what happens here is that you don't capture the total craniometric variation of the geographical-spread you are claiming to represent, instead you're just creating gaps, or extremes: "...the populations used are defined not on the basis of biology but on the basis of the variation in skeletal series or on [b]self-assignment to folk categories[/b] that have strong sociohistorical (e.g., black, white), [b]national (Chinese, Japanese),[/b] and linguistic (Hispanic) components." "It is well known that human biological variation is principally clinal (i.e., structured as gradients) and not racial (i.e., structured as a small number of fairly discrete groups). [b]The possibility that skeletal material could be accurately sorted by geographic origin, at any other level than geographic extremes,[/b] is quite small." "The assignment of skeletal racial origin is based principally upon stereotypical features found most frequently in the most [b]geographically distant populations.[/b] While this is useful in some contexts (for example, sorting skeletal material of largely West African ancestry from skeletal material of largely Western European ancestry), it [b]fails to identify populations that originate elsewhere and misrepresents fundamental patterns of human biological diversity.[/b]" http://wysinger.homestead.com/forensic.pdf "The complexities of human biological history, including those exhibited by ancient Nubians, [b]will never be adequately resolved using present‐day artificial groupings of individuals that, at best, only weakly capture the diversity present within the linguistic, national, or racial entities they supposedly represent.[/b]" http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~rbelcher/OnMeroiticNubianCrania[1].pdf So the problem is that the reference samples are mostly defined by nations (e.g. modern countries) which is not capturing the variation of local populations or ethnic groups. The nations themselves are all geographically distant even if they are bordering each other because they exclude intermediate local populations. If Brace covered the latter as opposed to countries the clusters would completely disappear. Furthermore, his study suffered from not even including nations like Crete., etc. His most 'southern' European sample is not even from the southern periphery in Europe. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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