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Ancient Kush: the missing link?
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Clyde Winters: In Meroitic the word Nob, did not mean slave, it was used as an ethnonym for the Nob(a) or Nubian people. [/QUOTE]Rilly claims what you are saying is not a problem, that in texts written in Greek the Nubians describe themselves with the meriotic word nob meaning slave or day laborer, so this word is also an ethnonym for the Nob(a) or Nubian people. Example It has been suggested that the meaning of "free" was adopted because, after the conquest of Gaul, only Franks were free of taxation. It is traditionally assumed that Frank comes from the Germanic word for "javelin" (such as in Old English franca or Old Norse frakka).There is also another theory that suggests that Frank comes from the Latin word francisca meaning ("throwing axe").[citation needed] Words in other Germanic languages meaning "bold" or "fierce", (Middle Dutch vrac, Old English frǣc and Old Norwegian frakkr), may also be significantThe name France comes from Latin Francia, which literally means "land of the Franks". ^^^ so the ethnonym is not just a made up name. It has a meaning and then is applied to people as an ethnonym and is descriptive Is Claude Rilly right that Nubians in Greek texts called themselves slaves? I don't know http://www.ityopis.org/Issues_files/ITYOPIS-I-Rilly.pdf [PDF] Recent Research on Meroitic, the Ancient Language of Sudan [URL=http://www.ephotobay.com/share/picture-32-70.html] [IMG]http://www.ephotobay.com/image/picture-32-70.png[/IMG][/URL] wiki: At one point, Kerma came very close to conquering Egypt. Egypt suffered a serious defeat at the hands of the Kushites.According to Davies, head of the joint British Museum and Egyptian archaeological team, the attack was so devastating that if the Kerma forces chose to stay and occupy Egypt, they might have eliminated it for good and brought the nation to extinction. When Egyptian power revived under the New Kingdom (c. 15321070 BC) they began to expand further southwards. The Egyptians destroyed Kerma's kingdom and capitol and expanded the Egyptian empire to the Fourth Cataract. By the end of the reign of Thutmose I (1520 BC), all of northern Nubia had been annexed. The Egyptians built a new administrative center at Napata, and used the area to produce gold. The Nubian gold production made Egypt a prime source of the precious metal in the Middle East. The primitive working conditions for the slaves are recorded by Diodorus Siculus who saw some of the mines at a later time. One of the oldest maps known is of a gold mine in Nubia, the Turin Papyrus Map dating to about 1160 BC. _________________________________ http://www.ancientsudan.org/dailylife_04_trade.htm Gold was also a natural mineral the Kushites were known for in the ancient world. The Egyptians in the New Kingdom benefited from the conquest of Kush, mainly by excavating gold sites there. New Kingdom Egyptian paintings and relieves depict Kushites presenting gold as tribute to the Egyptian pharaohs. Wiring in the first century CE, Diodorus writes that in Meroe, "there are mines of gold, silver, iron and brass, besides abundance of ebony and all sorts of precious stones.(Diodorus i. 33). It has been recorded in ancient sources that the Kushite pharaohs never applied the death sentence; convicts in Kush were rather sent to work in gold mines. In the Meroitic period the Ptolemies and later the Romans heavily excavated the Nubian Desert for gold.5 There are no evidence on whether the Ptolemies and the Romans paid taxes to the Kushites to excavate in the gold sites there.During the Napatan-Meroitic period, the Kushites also exported slaves from the sub-Sahara to other regions.6 By the sixth century CE, the Kushites have exanded their trade routes with the east. Kush exported to Arabia dates,7 slaves,8 and until date-wine.9 ______________________________ http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/3A*.html#12 DIODORUS SICULUS LIBRARY OF HISTORY Book III 12/1 [i] 12 1 At the extremity of Egypt and in the contiguous territory of both Arabia and Ethiopia there lies a region which contains many large gold mines, where the gold is secured in great quantities with much suffering and at great expense.21 For the earth is naturally black and contains seams and veins of a marble22 which is unusually white and in brilliancy surpasses everything else which shines brightly by its nature, and here the overseers of the labour in the mines work recover the gold with the aid of a multitude of workers. 2 For the kings of Egypt gather together and condemn to the mining of the gold such as have been found guilty of some crime and captives of war, as well as those who have been accused unjustly and thrown into prison because of their anger, and not only such persons but occasionally all their relatives as well, by this means not only p117inflicting punishment upon those found guilty but also securing at the same time great revenues from their labours. 3 And those who have been condemned in this way and they are a great multitude and are all bound in chains work at their task unceasingly both by day and throughout the entire night, enjoying no respite and being carefully cut off from any means of escape; since guards of foreign soldiers who speak a language different from theirs stand watch over them, so that not a man, either by conversation or by some contact of a friendly nature, is able to corrupt one of his keepers. 4 The gold-bearing earth23 which is hardest they first burn with a hot fire, and when they have crumbled it in this way they continue the working of it by hand; and the soft rock which can yield to moderate effort is crushed with a sledge by myriads of unfortunate wretches. 5 And the entire operations are in charge of a skilled worker who distinguishes the stone24 and points it out to the labourers; and of those who are assigned to this unfortunate task the physically strongest break the quartz-rock25 with iron hammers, applying no skill to the task, but only force, and cutting tunnels through the stone, not in a straight line but wherever the seam of gleaming rock may lead. 6 Now these men, working in darkness as they do because of the bending and winding of the passages, carry lamps bound on their foreheads; and since p119much of the time they change the position of their bodies to follow the particular character26 of the stone they throw the blocks, as they cut them out, on the ground; and at this task they labour without ceasing beneath the sternness and blows of an overseer. 13 1 The boys there who have not yet come to maturity, entering through the tunnels into the galleries formed by the removal of the rock, laboriously gather up the rock as it is cast down piece by piece and carry it out into the open to the place outside the entrance. Then those who are above27 thirty years of age take this quarried stone from them and with iron pestles pound a specified amount of it in stone mortars, until they have worked it down to the size of a vetch. 2 Thereupon the women and older men receive from them the rock of this size and cast it into mills of which a number stand there in a row, and taking their places in groups of two or three at the spoke or handle of each mill they grind it until they have worked down the amount given them to the consistency of the finest flour. And since no opportunity is afforded any of them to care for his body and they have no garment to cover their shame, no man can look upon unfortunate wretches without feeling pity for them because of the exceeding hardships they suffer. 3 For no leniency or respite of any kind is given to any man who is sick, or maimed, or aged, or in the case of a woman for her weakness,28 but all without exception are compelled by blows to persevere in their labours, until through ill-treatment they die in the midst of their tortures. Consequently the poor unfortunates believe, p121because their punishment is so excessively severe, that the future will always be more terrible than the present and therefore look forward to death as more to be desired than life. [/i] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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