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The Levant an Extension of Africa/Sons of Ham
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by xyyman: [QB] One more class for today before I wrap-up. To the lurkers. This analysis uses ChromoPaint which is similar to TreeMix but not as informative. Any questions hit me up. Copy and paste from this pdf was a problem. It was not clean. As I said…Africans owned Southern Europe. Note Africans in Iberia, Greece, Sardinia and Persia. Don’t believe me ..read on. ---- A Genetic Atlas of Human Admixture History Garrett Hellenthal, Feb2014 S7.1 \Middle East + North Africa" Because we observed similar admixture in many of our near Eastern groups, and these groups were difficult to separate, we performed an Middle East + North Africa analysis[b]" to clear up admixture signals, for example from African sources, [/b]that may be obscured in the \full analysis". To represent a local source, [b]we retained the Saudi as a potential donor, as this population had less evidence of African admixture than the other Middle East and North Africa populations [/b]in the \full analysis" results (African admixture into the Saudi Arabians is inferred only as the second strongest signaled event in the full analysis). Here and for the remainder of this Note we compare our \regional" and \full" analysis results for consistency of events detected. Our \Middle East + North Africa" analysis shows, in all 10 groups analysed (Figure S16), admixture within the past millenium involving [b]a sub-Saharan African source (always inferred West African,[/b] except in the UAE and Iranian samples where it is \BantuKenya"), and a West Eurasian source, always involving an excess of copying from the Saudi group, and inferred to share the largest number of haplotypes (among the allowed donors) with either the Saudi population, or one of the most nearby included donors (e.g. the Cypriot population). These events, and donor groups, closely match those of the original \full" analysis (see main text) and all date con_dence intervals overlap. [b]Admixture fractions vary from 3% (in the Iranians) to 21% (in the Moroccans),[/b] again agreeing well with the full analysis (see main text). Apart from these strongest events, we infer a complex history for seven groups, three with multi-way admixture and[b] four with admixture at more than one time. [/b]Encouragingly, for six of these groups the conclusion is identical to that in the original \full" analysis. In these cases (although there are small di_erences in particular groups chosen within small geographical regions), dates and groups involved are generally highly consistent with the full analysis (e.g. dating con_dence intervals always overlap). [b]The only exception are the Tunisians, who almost but did not quite reach the cutoff [/b](showing p = 0:05) for admixture at more than one time in the full analysis, and in this regional analysis show p = 0:03. Conversely For the groups with multi-way admixture, the Iranians show a signal very similar to the \full" analysis signal discussed above. [b]The Syrians and the Bedouin both seem to have signals indicating 3-way admixture between sub-Saharan Africans, groups to their south [/b](e.g. sharing haplotypes with the Saudis) and groups to their immediate north and west (e.g. sharing haplotypes with the Cypriots and Georgians), and with the nature of this event similar for the full and regional analyses. Finally, one di_erence with the \full" analysis is that [b]we now fail to verify evidence of multiple events in the Jordanians. Although we still _nd the African admixture event in this group, we no longer see evidence of a second event inferred to involve haplotypes [/b]shared with other Middle Eastern groups (excluded in the new painting) and groups to the north (e.g. sharing haplotypes with the Georgians) and dated to the range 1050-1330CE, perhaps because we do not allow these groups as donors in the regional analysis. S7.3 \Mediterranean" Similar to the \Middle East + North Africa" analysis, some of the \Mediterranean" populations were di_cult for _neSTRUCTURE to separate, and were frequently used as donors to one another in inferred admixture events.[b]We also wished to investigate whether the admixture into these populations involves DNA contributions from a sub-Saharan African source versus from Middle Eastern (or North African) sources.[/b] For this reason, we performed a \regional" analysis and [b]excluded Middle Eastern and North African populations as donors, [/b]apart from the Saudi population and the more genetically distinct Cypriots, as in the \Middle East + North Africa" analysis. [b]Figure S17 shows the results of this analysis. [/b]*******[b]Results for West Sicily, Greece and Spain were almost unchanged in all respects from the \full" analysis, and suggest DIRECT West African DNA dating to around 1220CE in the West Sicilians, the Greek signal discussed in the main text, and complex admixture at more than one time in the Spanish that is difficult to precisely characterise.[/b] [b] Recent and ancient events in the Spanish both involve West African haplotypes, inferred (at least for the more recent event) [/b]to occur within a source population with additional ancestry related to present-day Europeans, and for the older event in the \full" analysis to also involve [b]haplotypes carried by North Africans (the Mozabites), EXCLUDED in the regional analysis.[/b] The other inferred admixing group has haplotypes shared with present-day Spanish Basques. [b]This signal suggests admixture might be continuous and involve interactions with north and sub-Saharan Africans over AT LEAST the past _2000 years. [/b]In addition, we see strong evidence (p < 0:01) that admixture also involves multiple distinct groups in both cases, implying yet more complexity in the genetic history of this Spanish sample, [b]which our method is unable to interpret fully.[/b] For instance our curves (available for both types of analysis at http://admixturemap.paintmychromosomes.com/) [b]show segments of DNA shared with Basque, Tuscan and Yoruban are all negatively correlated at short genetic distances, implying these three types of haplotypes are carried on different ancestral backgrounds, in addition to (and not captured by) our two-date inference. [/b]For East Sicily, Sardinia and South Italy, a second event was inferred by either the full or regional analysis. from Kenya are inferred as most over-represented, rather than West African haplotypes), and the signal dates back at least to 186AD,[b] pre-dating the Arab slave trade. [/b]This might infer [b]continuous-type admixture[/b], or might (given the separation in inferred dates) reect a [b]distinct earlier event involving a population with some African ancestry. [/b]In Sardinians, admixture is inferred at exactly the same time (630AD) in both analyses, and there is one very similar inferred event involving one population from North Africa or the Mediterranean. Speci_cally, this group is inferred as most similar to Cyprus, [b]but with additional West African haplotypes, in the regional analysis, and as showing high levels of haplotype sharing with each of sub-Saharan (east) Africa,[/b] North Africa, and the Middle East in the full analysis { note North Africa and the Middle East cannot act as donors in the \Mediterranean" analysis. The other group is inferred to be from Europe, sharing haplotypes with people from Wales, Italy, France and Spain. . Overall, both the the \full" and \Mediterranean" analyses suggest very complex genetic exchange across the Mediterranean over 2000 years or more, [b]also involving people from sub-Saharan African groups, with multiple events inferred in 4 of 6 groups though with dates and details differing between groups.[/b] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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