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The genetic structure of the world’s first farmers - Iosif Lazaridis
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Elmaestro: [QB] hmmm? From: [b][i]The prehistoric inhabitants of the Wadi Howar An anthropological study of human skeletal remains from the Sudanese part of the Eastern Sahara[/i][/b] [QUOTE] [b] A principal component analysis of the FST values of the Sudanese, a Senegalese and two Ethiopian samples produced a plot with two clearly separated clusters.[/b] The first cluster consisted of the Nilo-Saharan-speaking groups from Western as well as Southern Sudan,[b] i.e. the Borgu, Masalit, Fur, Shilluk, Dinka, Nuer and Nuba. It also included the Cushitic-speaking Oromo from Ethiopia.[/b] [i] Except for the Senegalese, which were positioned far away from either grouping,[/i] all remaining samples formed the second cluster. Two lines could be 41 distinguished within this second cluster. [b]The first line, which was closer to the first cluster, was comprised of Amhara, Beja, Hausa and Fulani.[/b] The second line, which was further removed from the first cluster, constituted an alignment of Copts, Nubians and the three Arab groups. [/QUOTE]South & south West Sudanese populations form a unique cluster - Eastern/north eastern sudanese, western Ethiopians and the fulani find themselves in between but aligned with the copts, Nubian and Arab cluster. [QUOTE] Indigenous populations were represented by the Northern Sudanese Nubians and Beja, the Western Sudanese Borgu, Masalit and Fur and the Southern Sudanese Shilluk, Dinka, Nuer and Nuba. Copts, Fulani and [b]Hausa[/b] as well as Gaalien, Meseria and Arakien Arabs were used as non-indigenous samples. [b]The study found that the haplogroups F, I, J, K, R are common among the Niger-Congo-speaking Fulani and the Afro-Asiaticspeaking Arabs, Copts, Beja and Hausa.[/b] A, B and [b]E**, on the other hand, are more frequent among the Nilo-Saharan-speaking Borgu, Masalit, Fur, Shilluk, Dinka and Nuer. [/b][/QUOTE]..Ok ? from: [b][i]Hassan 2008[/i][/b] [QUOTE] Haplogroup frequencies in 15 Sudanese populations are given in Figure 2 following YCC nomenclature (2002). [i][b]Haplogroups A-M13 and B-M60 are present at high frequencies in Nilo-Saharan groups except Nubians,[/b] with low frequencies in Afro-Asiatic groups[/i] [b]although notable frequencies of B-M60 were found in Hausa (15.6%) and Copts (15.2%).[i] Haplogroup E (four different haplotypes) accounts for the majority (34.4%) of the chromosome and is widespread in the Sudan. [/i][/b][/QUOTE]I'm guessing the guys researching the Wadi Howar were cherry picking a lil bit to help strengthen the language phylum/genetic phylum correspondence but nonetheless I find something interesting... [QUOTE][b] E-M78 represents 74.5% of haplogroup E, [/b]the highest frequencies observed in [b]Masalit and Fur[/b]... Me: ^ your unique "native" west Sudanese group ...populations. [b]E-M33 (5.2%) is largely confined to Fulani and Hausa, *whereas E-M2 is restricted to Hausa.*[/b] E-M215 was found to occur more in Nilo-Saharan rather than Afro-Asiatic speaking groups. In contrast, haplogroups F-M89, I-M170, J-12f2, and JM172 were found to be more frequent in the Afro-Asiatic speaking groups.[b] J-12f2 and J-M172 represents 94% and 6%, respectively, of haplogroup J with high frequencies among Nubians, Copts,[/b] and Arabs. Haplogroup K-M9 is restricted to Hausa and Gaalien with low frequencies and is absent in Nilo-Saharan and Niger-Congo. Haplogroup R-M173 appears to be the most frequent haplogroup in Fulani, and haplogroup R-P25 has the highest frequency in Hausa and Copts and is present at lower frequencies in north, east, and western Sudan. Haplogroups A-M51, A-M23, D-M174, H-M52, L-M11, OM175, and P-M74 were completely absent from the populations analyzed.[/QUOTE]- I'd like to point out that between the Natufian OOA exit and the dawn of History, the nile most likely was dominated with E-M215 and earlier populations on the Pn2 clade (I'm probably playing 'catchup' here, sorry). as the obvious indigenous footprints suggests just that. - Unless J1 originated in Ethiopia somehow, the Sudanese Copts are a poor representation of the Earlier or maybe even the dynastic period of Km.t & the indigenous nile valley. - There is a blatent discontinuity between the southern and south west sudanese groups at least as far as Y-Dna goes. The Aridification of Wadi Howar should have lead to geneflow into neighboring territory. Maybe Dobun et al. had bad samples? maybe they radiated north east and was absorbed by the urbanization? or maybe we even lost a lot of genetic material due to the high mortality rates of the Arab slave trade and conquest? - both the fulani and Hausa cultures stretches laterally accross the sahel and carry a heterogenous set of markers, I'm curious to exlpain why exactly does E-M2 pop up w/ the hausa. Does anyone know if there's any comparative analysis on sudanya Hausa/sandwe or Hausa west ethiopian samples? Thanks so far you guys, special shout outs to Swenet and XyzMan... Keep arguing with each other!! [/QB][/QUOTE]
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