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Chad Genetic Diversity : Multiple Eurasian Migrations 2016
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Ish Gebor: [QB] [QUOTE] The Y chromosome Alu polymorphism (YAP, also called M1) defines the deep-rooted haplogroup D/E of the global Y-chromosome phylogeny [1]. This D/E haplogroup is further branched into three sub-haplogroups DE*, D and E (Figure 1). The distribution of the D/E haplogroup is highly regional, and the three subgroups are geographically restricted to certain areas, therefore informative in tracing human prehistory (Table [b]1). The sub-haplogroup DE*, presumably the most ancient lineage of the D/E haplogroup was only found in Africans from Nigeria [2], supporting the "Out of Africa" hypothesis about modern human origin.[/b] The sub-haplogroup E (E-M40), defined by M40/SRY4064 and M96, was also suggested originated in Africa [3-6], and later dispersed to Middle East and Europe about 20,000 years ago [3,4]. Interestingly, the sub-haplogroup D defined by M174 (D-M174) is East Asian specific with abundant appearance in Tibetan and Japanese (30–40%), but rare in most of other East Asian populations and populations from regions bordering East Asia (Central Asia, North Asia and Middle East) (usually less than 5%) [5-7]. Under D-M174, Japanese belongs to a separate sub-lineage defined by several mutations (e.g. M55, M57 and M64 etc.), which is different from those in Tibetans implicating relatively deep divergence between them [1]. The fragmented distribution of D-M174 in East Asia seems not consistent with the pattern of other East Asian specific lineages, i.e. O3-M122, O1-M119 and O2-M95 under haplogroup O [8,9].[/QUOTE]--Hong Shi et al. 2008: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/45 [QUOTE] Further refinement awaits the finding of new markers especially within paragroup E3a*-M2. [b]The microsatellite profile of the DE* individual is one mutational step away from the allelic state described for Nigerians [/b](DYS390*21, DYS388 not tested; [37], therefore suggesting a common ancestry but not elucidating the phylogenetics. [/QUOTE]Haplogroup DE* in Guinea-Bissau: Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/7/124 [QUOTE] There has been considerable debate on the geographic origin of the human Y chromosome Alu polymor- phism (YAP). Here we report a new, very rare deep-rooting haplogroup within the YAP clade, together with data on other deep-rooting YAP clades. [b]The new haplogroup, found so far in only five Nigerians, is the least-derived YAP haplogroup according to currently known binary markers. [/b]However, because the interior branching order of the Y chromosome genealogical tree remains unknown, it is impossible to impute the origin of the YAP clade with certainty. We discuss the problems presented by rare deep-rooting lineages for Y chromosome phylogeography.[/QUOTE]Haplogroup DE* in Nigerians: Rare Deep-Rooting Y Chromosome Lineages in Humans: Lessons for Phylogeography http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1462739/pdf/14504230.pdf [/QB][/QUOTE]
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