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Because some fools don't know how to make their own thread about the race of kemet
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Ish Gebor: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by JoshuaConnerMoon: [qb] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Oshun: [qb] [QUOTE]Originally posted by JoshuaConnerMoon: [qb] As I posted in my first thread: a prediction of the isolation-by-distance model in population genetics is ancient Egyptians will be closest genetically to their nearest geographical neighbours, but since Europe is smaller than Sub-Saharan Africa, that populations from Europe and east Mediterranean, will plot closer than many Sub-Saharan African populations.[/qb][/QUOTE] :rolleyes: :rolleyes: :rolleyes: The [b]return[/b] of the Sahara desert after millennia of it's absence played a role in the creation of Egypt. Africa is not static. Back then, there was no "Sahara" desert that racists try to explain made a barrier.Since there was no Sahara, other Africans that didn't live in the Sahara would've been closest to the people who'd made Egypt. Any "specimens" that demonstrated features closer to Europeans would've been a subset of African biological diversity. In fact, Egypt as a civilization was along the nile, a river that extends into SSA. [IMG]http://newsrescue.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/rameses3dnaresults.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]http://i1274.photobucket.com/albums/y421/amunratheultimate2/Misc2/Ancient%20DNA%20of%20Kushites%20from%20Genetic%20Patterns%20Hassan%20dissertation_zpsrxznegab.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]http://i1079.photobucket.com/albums/w513/Amunratheultimate/Misc/Ancestry-GeneticAnalysisofAncientEgyptiansKemetmummiesDNA-TopMLIMatchLikelihoodIndexscoresforAmarnamummiesbasedontheworldregions-1.jpg[/IMG] [QUOTE]"Howells database: lacks the distinct morphology necessary for classifying unknown crania." - . Leathers, J. Edwards, G.J. Armelagos. et. al "Howells data set....CANNOT BE CONSIDERED to be a typical Egyptian series." - Dr. Sonia Zakrzewski "Howells’ data attribute the Nubian specimens to populations on several continents, whereas the Forensic Data Bank series provides no explainable pattern of population attribution. These results suggest that Fordisc 2.0 cannot accurately identify the biological affinity of ancient Nubians." - R. Belcher1, F. Williams et. al. [/QUOTE][/qb][/QUOTE]You're miles behind learning about population genetics, physical anthropology etc. There is no "African" biological grouping, so Egyptians are not going to plot closer to [i]all[/i] African populations than non-Africans. [IMG]http://i40.tinypic.com/2eexzc9.jpg[/IMG] [/qb][/QUOTE] https://static.cambridge.org/resource/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:9864:20160514032826855-0400:19008tbl2_1.png?pub-status=live It is you who is miles behind in genetics, Africans are most diverse in geno- and phenotype. Different African groups are responsible for different dispersals over time: Remarkable, the author writes: (FW. Rosing, Who were the ancient Egyptians) [QUOTE] "..sample populations available from northern Egypt from before the 1st Dynasty (Merimda, Maadi and Wadi Digla) turn out to be significantly different from sample populations from early Palestine and Byblos, suggesting a lack of common ancestors over a long time. If there was a south-north cline variation along the Nile valley it did not, from this limited evidence, continue smoothly on into southern Palestine. The limb-length proportions of males from the Egyptian sites group them with Africans rather than with Europeans." [/QUOTE]—Barry Kemp, Ancient Egypt Anatomy of a Civilisation, Routledge. (2006) p. 52-60) [QUOTE] "When the Elephantine results were added to a broader pooling of the physical characteristics drawn from a wide geographic region which includes Africa, the Mediterranean and the Near East quite strong affinities emerge between Elephantine and populations from Nubia, supporting a strong south-north cline. [/QUOTE]—Barry Kemp, Ancient Egypt Anatomy of a Civilisation, Routledge. (2006) p. 54) [QUOTE]"If, on the other hand, CRANID had used one of the Elephantine populations of the same period, the geographic association would be much more with the African groups to the south. It is dangerous to take one set of skeletons and use them to characterize the population of the whole of Egypt."[/QUOTE]—Barry Kemp, Ancient Egypt Anatomy of a Civilisation. (2006) p. 55) [QUOTE]"The ancient Egyptians were not 'white' in any European sense, nor were they 'Caucasian'... we can say that the earliest population of ancient Egypt included African people from the upper Nile, African people from the regions of the Sahara and modern Libya, and smaller numbers of people who had come from south-western Asia and perhaps the Arabian penisula."[/QUOTE]--Robert Morkot (2005). The Egyptians: An Introduction. pp. 12-13 [QUOTE]This evidence suggests that the process of state formation itself may have been mainly an indigenous process, but that it may have occurred in association with inmigration to the Abydos region of the Nile Valley. This potential inmigration may have occurred particularly during the EDyn and OK [/QUOTE]—Sonia R. Zakrzewski Population Continuity or Population Change: Formation of the Ancient Egyptian State [QUOTE] The origins of the ancient Egyptian state and its formation have received much attention through analysis of mortuary contexts, skeletal material, and trade. Genetic diversity was analyzed by studying craniometric variation within a series of six time-successive Egyptian populations in order to investigate the evidence for migration over the period of the development of social hierarchy and the Egyptian state. Craniometric variation, based upon 16 measurements, was assessed through principal components analysis, discriminant function analysis, and Mahalanobis D2 matrix computation. Spatial and temporal relationships were assessed by Mantel and Partial Mantel tests. [b]The results indicate overall population continuity over the Predynastic and early Dynastic, and high levels of genetic heterogeneity, thereby suggesting that state formation occurred as a mainly indigenous process. [/b]Nevertheless, significant differences were found in morphology between both geographically-pooled and cemetery-specific temporal groups, indicating that some migration occurred along the Egyptian Nile Valley over the periods studied. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. [/QUOTE]—Sonia R. Zakrzewski Population continuity or population change: Formation of the ancient Egyptian state American Journal of Physical Anthropology Volume 132, Issue 4, pages 501–509, April 2007 [QUOTE]"There is now a sufficient body of evidence from modern studies of skeletal remains to indicate that the ancient Egyptians, especially southern Egyptians, exhibited physical characteristics that are within the range of variation for ancient and modern indigenous peoples of the Sahara and tropical Africa. In general, the inhabitants of Upper Egypt and Nubia had the greatest biological affinity to people of the Sahara and more southerly areas." [/QUOTE]—(Nancy C. Lovell, " Egyptians, physical anthropology of," in Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, ed. Kathryn A. Bard and Steven Blake Shubert, ( London and New York Routledge, 1999) pp 328-332) http://books.google.com/books?id=XNdgScxtirYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Encyclopedia+of+the+Archaeology+of+Ancient+Egypt&client=firefox-a [QUOTE]Y-chromosome haplogroup tree The Y-chromosome haplogroup tree has been constructed manually following YCC 2008 nomenclature20 with some modifications.35 The tree (Supplementary Figure S1) contains the E haplogroups of Eritrean populations from this study and those reported in the literature.22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 Genotyping results for E-V13, E-V12, E-V22 and E-V32 reported for Eritrean samples and elsewhere23, 27 were retracted to E-M78 haplogroup level. All the analyses in this study were done at the same resolution using the following 17 bi-allelic markers: E-M96, E-M33, E-P2, E-M2, E-M58, E-M191, E-M154, E-M329, E-M215, E-M35, E-M78, E-M81, E-M123, E-M34, E-V6, E-V16/E-M281 and E-M75. [...] Interestingly, this ancestral cluster includes populations like Fulani who has previously shown to display Eastern African ancestry, common history with the Hausa who are the furthest Afro-Asiatic speakers to the west in the Sahel, with a large effective size and complex genetic background. 23 The Fulani who currently speak a language classified as Niger-Kordofanian may have lost their original tongue to as sociated sedentary group similar to other cattle herders in Africa a common tendency among pastoralists. Clearly cultural trends exemplified by populations, like Hausa or Massalit, the latter who have neither strong tradition in agriculture nor animal husbandry, were established subsequent to the initial differentiation of haplogroup E. For example, the early clusters within the network also include Nilo-Saharan speakers like Kunama of Eritrea and Nilotic of Sudan who are ardent nomadic pastoralists but speak a language of non-Afro-Asiatic background the predominant linguistic family within the macrohaplogroup. [...] The Sahel, which extends between the Atlantic coast of Africa and the Red Sea plateau, represents one of the least sampled areas and populations in the domain of human genetics. The position of Eritrea adjacent to the Red Sea coast provides opportunities for insights regarding human migrations within and beyond the African landscape.[/QUOTE]—Eyoab I Gebremeskel1,2 and Muntaser E Ibrahim1 European Journal of Human Genetics (2014) 22, 1387–1392; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.41; published online 26 March 2014 Y-chromosome E haplogroups: their distribution and implication to the origin of Afro-Asiatic languages and pastoralism WEJHGOpen [/QB][/QUOTE]
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