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Ancient Egyptians DNA is Less Sub Saharan than modern Egyptian DNA.
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [QB] "Basal Eurasian" is a theoretical concept that relates to some of the initial OOA populations over 40Kya "EEF" is only 7,500 yo _____________________________________________ [b]‘Basal Eurasians’[/b] are a lineage hypothesized to have split off before the differentiation of all other Eurasian lineages, including eastern non-African populations such as the Han Chinese, and even the early diverged lineage represented by the genome sequence of the ~45,000-year-old Upper Palaeolithic Siberian from Ust’-Ishim11 [b]West European Hunter-Gatherer (WHG),[/b] based on an 8,000 year-old genome from Loschbour, Luxembourg [b]- Ancient North Eurasian (ANE),[/b] based on a 24,000 year-old genome from South Siberia (dubbed Mal'ta boy or MA-1) [b]- Early European Farmer (EEF),[/b] based on a 7,500 year-old genome from Stuttgart, Germany, belonging to the Neolithic Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture [/b]- Eastern non-African (ENA),[/b] this basically means East Eurasian, and is based on samples of present-day Onge, Han Chinese and Atayal from Taiwan [QUOTE] Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans Iosif Lazaridis, 2014 Abstract We sequenced the genomes of a ~7,000 year old farmer from Germany and eight ~8,000 year old hunter-gatherers from Luxembourg and Sweden. We analyzed these and other ancient genomes1–4 with 2,345 contemporary humans to show that most present Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: West European Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; Ancient North Eurasians (ANE) related to Upper Paleolithic Siberians3, who contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and Early European Farmers (EEF), who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harbored WHG-related ancestry. We model these populations’ deep relationships and show that EEF had ~44% ancestry from a “Basal Eurasian” population that split prior to the diversification of other non-African lineages. We found no models that fit the data with 0 or 1 admixture events, but did find a model that fit with 2 admixture events (SI14). The successful model (Fig. 2A) confirms the existence of MA1-related admixture in Native Americans3, but includes the novel inference that Stuttgart is partially (44 ± 10%) derived from a lineage that split prior to the separation of eastern non-Africans from the common ancestor of WHG and ANE. The existence of such “Basal Eurasian” admixture into Stuttgart provides a simple explanation for our finding that diverse eastern non-African populations share significantly more alleles with ancient European and Upper Paleolithic Siberian hunter-gatherers than with Stuttgart (that is, f4(Eastern non-African, Chimp; Hunter-gatherer, Stuttgart) is significantly positive), but that hunter-gatherers appear to be equally related to most eastern groups (SI14). We verified the robustness of the model by reanalyzing the data using the unsupervised MixMapper7 (SI15) and TreeMix21 software (SI16), which both identified the same admixture events. The ANE/WHG split must have occurred >24,000 years ago (as it must predate the age of MA13), and the WHG/Eastern non-African split must have occurred >40,000 years ago (as it must predate the Tianyuan22 individual from China which clusters with Asians to the exclusion of Europeans). The Basal Eurasian split must be even older, and might be related to early settlement of the Levant23 or Arabia24,25 prior to the diversification of most Eurasians, or more recent gene flow from Africa26. However, the Basal Eurasian population shares much of the genetic drift common to non-African populations after their separation from Africans, and thus does not appear to represent gene flow between sub-Saharan Africans and the ancestors of non-Africans after the out-of-Africa bottleneck (SI14). Several questions will be important to address in future ancient DNA work. Where and when did the Near Eastern farmers admix with European hunter-gatherers to produce the EEF? How did the ancestors of present-day Europeans first acquire their ANE ancestry? Discontinuity in central Europe during the late Neolithic (~4,500 years ago) associated with the appearance of mtDNA types absent in earlier farmers and hunter-gatherers30 raises the possibility that ANE ancestry may have also appeared at this time. Finally, it is important to study ancient genome sequences from the Near East to provide insights into the history of the Basal Eurasians. [IMG]https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4170574/bin/nihms613260f2a.jpg[/IMG] [/QUOTE] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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