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The Neanderthal and Aterian and Mousterian in North Africa
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Ish Gebor: [QB] Here is the diamond in the rough, [QUOTE] North Africa is quickly emerging as one of the more important regions yielding information on the origins of modern Homo sapiens.[b] Associated with significant fossil hominin remains are two stone tool industries, the Aterian and Mousterian, [/b]which have been differentiated, respectively, primarily on the basis of the presence and absence of tanged, or stemmed, stone tools. Largely because of historical reasons, these two industries have been attributed to the western Eurasian Middle Paleolithic rather than the African Middle Stone Age. In this paper, drawing on our recent excavation of Contrebandiers Cave and other published data, we show that, aside from the presence or absence of tanged pieces, there are no other distinctions between these two industries in terms of either lithic attributes or chronology. [b]Together, these results demonstrate that these two 'industries' are instead variants of the same entity. Moreover, several additional characteristics of these assemblages, such as distinctive stone implements and the manufacture and use of bone tools and possible shell ornaments, suggest a closer affinity to other Late Pleistocene African Middle Stone Age industries rather than to the Middle Paleolithic of western Eurasia.[/b] [/QUOTE]~Dibble HL et al. On the industrial attributions of the Aterian and Mousterian of the Maghreb. J Hum Evol. 2013 Mar;64(3):194-210. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.10.010. Epub 2013 Feb 9. [QUOTE] Aterian and Mousterian in North Africa [b]The sites in Northern Africa in country of Libya were researched because of the multiple Aterian stone tools found in the surrounding areas. The Aterian is another specialized industry similar to the Mousterian and the Levallois found in the Middle Paleolithic.[/b] The hominid species that occupied this area (modern humans) appeared to be "modern" by the types of artifacts that they left behind. [/QUOTE]~Cremaschi, Mauro, et al. "Some Insights on the Aterian in the Libyan Sahara: Chronology, Environment, and Archeology." African Archaeological, Vol. 15, No. 4. 1998. http://www.indiana.edu/~origins/teach/P314/MSA%20reports/Aterian.pdf [QUOTE] Extended Data Figure 4: Dating results for Area C. [IMG]http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v520/n7546/images_supplementary/nature14134-sf4.jpg[/IMG] A key event in human evolution is the expansion of modern humans of African origin across Eurasia between 60 and 40 thousand years (kyr) before present (BP), replacing all other forms of hominins1. Owing to the scarcity of human fossils from this period, these ancestors of all present-day non-African modern populations remain largely enigmatic. Here we describe a partial calvaria, recently discovered at Manot Cave (Western Galilee, Israel) and dated to 54.7 ± 5.5 kyr BP (arithmetic mean ± 2 standard deviations) by uranium–thorium dating, that sheds light on this crucial event. The overall shape and discrete morphological features of the Manot 1 calvaria demonstrate that this partial skull is unequivocally modern. It is similar in shape to recent African skulls as well as to European skulls from the Upper Palaeolithic period, but different from most other early anatomically modern humans in the Levant. This suggests that the Manot people could be closely related to the first modern humans who later successfully colonized Europe. [b]Thus, the anatomical features used to support the ‘assimilation model’ in Europe might not have been inherited from European Neanderthals, but rather from earlier Levantine populations. [/b]Moreover, at present, Manot 1 is the only modern human specimen to provide evidence that during the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic interface, both modern humans and Neanderthals contemporaneously inhabited the southern Levant, close in time to the likely interbreeding event with Neanderthals2, 3. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v520/n7546/images/nature14134-st2.jpg Extended Data Table 2 | Manot 1 calvaria morphology compared with an Upper Palaeolithic European specimen, Neanderthals and present- day humans [/QUOTE]~Israel Hershkovitz et al. Levantine cranium from Manot Cave (Israel) foreshadows the first European modern humans Nature 520, 216–219 (09 April 2015) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v520/n7546/full/nature14134.html?message-global=remove [/QB][/QUOTE]
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